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Product Details:

• ISBN-10 ‏: ‎ 0134110315
• ISBN-13 ‏: ‎ 978-0134110318
• Author: Jeffrey Bennett, Megan, Nicholas and Mark.

Building on a long tradition of effective pedagogy and comprehensive coverage, The Cosmic Perspective, Eighth Edition provides a thoroughly engaging and up-to-date introduction to astronomy for non-science majors. This text offers a wealth of features that enhance student understanding of the process of science and actively engage students in the learning process for key concepts. The fully updated Eighth Edition includes the latest scientific discoveries, revises several subjects based on our most current understanding of the cosmos, and now emphasizes deeper understanding of the twists and turns of the process of science and the relevance of concepts to student’s lives.

The text is supported by a robust package of instructor and student ancillaries, including MasteringAstronomy. This market-leading online tutorial and homework system has been updated with new content that helps students learn and review more effectively outside of class.

Table Of Content:

1. Brief Contents
2. Contents
3. Preface
4. Who is this Book for?
5. New to This Edition
6. Themes of The Essential Cosmic Perspective
7. Pedagogical Principles of The Essential Cosmic Perspective
8. The Topical (Part) Structure of The Essential Cosmic Perspective
9. Pedagogical Features of The Essential Cosmic Perspective
10. About MasteringAstronomy®
11. Additional Supplements for The Essential Cosmic Perspective
12. Instructor-Only Supplements
13. About the Authors
14. How to Succeed in Your Astronomy Course
15. Foreword The Meaning of The Cosmic Perspective
16. Part I Developing Perspective
17. 1 A Modern View of the Universe
18. Learning Goals
19. 1.1 The Scale of the Universe
20. What is Our Place in the Universe?
21. Our Cosmic Address
22. Astronomical Distance Measurements
23. Looking Back in Time
24. The Observable Universe
25. How Big is the Universe?
26. The Scale of the Solar System
27. Distances to the Stars
28. The Size of the Milky Way Galaxy
29. The Observable Universe
30. 1.2 The History of the Universe
31. How did We Come to Be?
32. The Big Bang, Expansion, and the Age of the Universe
33. Stellar Lives and Galactic Recycling
34. Star Stuff
35. How do Our Lifetimes Compare to the Age of the Universe?
36. 1.3 Spaceship Earth
37. How is Earth Moving through Space?
38. Rotation and Orbit
39. Motion Within the Milky Way Galaxy
40. How do Galaxies Move within the Universe?
41. The Raisin Cake Analogy
42. The Real Universe
43. Motion Summary
44. Summary of Key Concepts
45. 1.1 The Scale of the Universe
46. What is Our Place in the Universe?
47. How Big is the Universe?
48. 1.2 The History of the Universe
49. How did We Come to Be?
50. How do Our Lifetimes Compare to the Age of the Universe?
51. 1.3 Spaceship Earth
52. How is Earth Moving through Space?
53. How do Galaxies Move within the Universe?
54. Exercises and Problems
55. Review Questions
56. Test Your Understanding
57. Does It Make Sense?
58. Example:
59. Solution:
60. Quick Quiz
61. Process of Science
62. Group Work Exercise
63. Investigate Further
64. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
65. Quantitative Problems
66. Discussion Questions
67. Web Projects
68. 2 Discovering the Universe for Yourself
69. Learning Goals
70. 2.1 Patterns in the Night Sky
71. What does the Universe Look Like from Earth?
72. Constellations
73. The Celestial Sphere
74. The Milky Way
75. The Local Sky
76. Angular Sizes and Distances
77. Why do Stars Rise and Set?
78. Why do the Constellations We See Depend on Latitude and Time of Year?
79. Variation with Latitude
80. Variation with Time of Year
81. 2.2 The Reason for Seasons
82. What Causes the Seasons?
83. Solstices and Equinoxes
84. First Days of Seasons
85. Seasons Around the World
86. How does the Orientation of Earth’s Axis Change with Time?
87. 2.3 The Moon, Our Constant Companion
88. Why do We See Phases of the Moon?
89. Understanding Phases
90. The Moon’s Synchronous Rotation
91. The View from the Moon
92. What Causes Eclipses?
93. Conditions for Eclipses
94. Lunar Eclipses
95. Solar Eclipses
96. Predicting Eclipses
97. 2.4 The Ancient Mystery of the Planets
98. Why was Planetary Motion so Hard to Explain?
99. Why did the Ancient Greeks Reject the Real Explanation for Planetary Motion?
100. Summary of Key Concepts
101. 2.1 Patterns in the Night Sky
102. What does the Universe Look Like from Earth?
103. Why do Stars Rise and Set?
104. Why do the Constellations We See Depend on Latitude and Time of Year?
105. 2.2 The Reason for Seasons
106. What Causes the Seasons?
107. How does the Orientation of Earth’s Axis Change with Time?
108. 2.3 The Moon, Our Constant Companion
109. Why do We See Phases of the Moon?
110. What Causes Eclipses?
111. 2.4 The Ancient Mystery of the Planets
112. Why was Planetary Motion so Hard to Explain?
113. Why did the Ancient Greeks Reject the Real Explanation for Planetary Motion?
114. Exercises and Problems
115. Review Questions
116. Test Your Understanding
117. Does It Make Sense?
118. Quick Quiz
119. Process of Science
120. Group Work Exercise
121. Investigate Further
122. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
123. Quantitative Problems
124. Discussion Questions
125. Web Projects
126. 3 The Science of Astronomy
127. Learning Goals
128. 3.1 The Ancient Roots of Science
129. In what Ways do All Humans Use Scientific Thinking?
130. How is Modern Science Rooted in Ancient Astronomy?
131. Practical Benefits of Astronomy
132. Astronomy and Measures of Time
133. Determining the Time of Day
134. Marking the Seasons
135. Solar and Lunar Calendars
136. Learning About Ancient Achievements
137. 3.2 Ancient Greek Science
138. Why does Modern Science Trace its Roots to the Greeks?
139. Three Philosophical Innovations
140. Models of Nature
141. From Greece to the Renaissance
142. How did the Greeks Explain Planetary Motion?
143. 3.3 The Copernican Revolution
144. How did Copernicus, Tycho, and Kepler Challenge the Earth-Centered Model?
145. Copernicus
146. Tycho
147. Kepler
148. What are Kepler’s Three Laws of Planetary Motion?
149. How did Galileo Solidify the Copernican Revolution?
150. Galileo’s Evidence
151. Galileo and the Church
152. 3.4 The Nature of Science
153. How can We Distinguish Science from Nonscience?
154. Approaches to Science
155. Hallmarks of Science
156. Occam’s Razor
157. Verifiable Observations
158. Objectivity in Science
159. What is a Scientific Theory?
160. Summary of Key Concepts
161. 3.1 The Ancient Roots of Science
162. In What Ways do All Humans Use Scientific Thinking?
163. How is Modern Science Rooted in Ancient Astronomy?
164. 3.2 Ancient Greek Science
165. Why does Modern Science Trace its Roots to the Greeks?
166. How did the Greeks Explain Planetary Motion?
167. 3.3 The Copernican Revolution
168. How did Copernicus, Tycho, and Kepler Challenge the Earth-Centered Model?
169. What are Kepler’s three Laws of Planetary Motion?
170. How did Galileo Solidify the Copernican Revolution?
171. 3.4 The Nature of Science
172. How can We Distinguish Science from Nonscience?
173. What is a Scientific Theory?
174. Exercises and Problems
175. Review Questions
176. Test Your Understanding
177. Science or Nonscience?
178. Quick Quiz
179. Process of Science
180. Group Work Exercise
181. Investigate Further
182. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
183. Quantitative Problems
184. Discussion Questions
185. Web Projects
186. Part II Key Concepts for Astronomy
187. 4 Making Sense of the Universe Understanding Motion, Energy, and Gravity
188. Learning Goals
189. 4.1 Describing Motion: Examples from Daily Life
190. How do We Describe Motion?
191. Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration
192. The Acceleration of Gravity
193. Momentum and Force
194. How is Mass Different from Weight?
195. Free-Fall and Weightlessness
196. Weightlessness in Space
197. 4.2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
198. How did Newton Change Our View of the Universe?
199. What are Newton’s Three Laws of Motion?
200. Newton’s First Law
201. Newton’s Second Law
202. Newton’s Third Law
203. 4.3 Conservation Laws in Astronomy
204. What Keeps a Planet Rotating and Orbiting the Sun?
205. Orbital Angular Momentum
206. Rotational Angular Momentum
207. Where do Objects Get Their Energy?
208. Basic Types of Energy
209. Thermal Energy—The Kinetic Energy of Many Particles
210. Potential Energy in Astronomy
211. Conservation of Energy
212. 4.4 The Force of Gravity
213. What Determines the Strength of Gravity?
214. How does Newton’s Law of Gravity Extend Kepler’s Laws?
215. How do Gravity and Energy Allow us to Understand Orbits?
216. Orbital Energy
217. Gravitational Encounters
218. Atmospheric Drag
219. Escape Velocity
220. How does Gravity Cause Tides?
221. Summary of Key Concepts
222. 4.1 Describing Motion: Examples from Daily Life
223. How do We Describe Motion?
224. How is Mass Different from Weight?
225. 4.2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
226. How did Newton Change Our View of the Universe?
227. What are Newton’s Three Laws of Motion?
228. 4.3 Conservation Laws in Astronomy
229. What Keeps a Planet Rotating and Orbiting the Sun?
230. Where do Objects Get Their Energy?
231. 4.4 The Force of Gravity
232. What Determines the Strength of Gravity?
233. How does Newton’s Law of Gravity Extend Kepler’s Laws?
234. How do Gravity and Energy Allow Us to Understand Orbits?
235. How does Gravity Cause Tides?
236. Exercises and Problems
237. Review Questions
238. Test Your Understanding
239. Does It Make Sense?
240. Quick Quiz
241. Process of Science
242. Group Work Exercise
243. Investigate Further
244. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
245. Quantitative Problems
246. Discussion Questions
247. Web Projects
248. 5 Light The Cosmic Messenger
249. Learning Goals
250. 5.1 Basic Properties of Light and Matter
251. What is Light?
252. Wave Properties of Light
253. Particle Properties of Light
254. The Many Forms of Light
255. What is Matter?
256. Atomic Structure
257. Atomic Terminology
258. How do Light and Matter Interact?
259. 5.2 Learning from Light
260. What are the Three Basic Types of Spectra?
261. How does Light Tell Us what Things are Made Of?
262. Energy Levels in Atoms
263. Emission and Absorption Lines
264. Chemical Fingerprints
265. How does Light Tell Us the Temperatures of Planets and Stars?
266. Thermal Radiation: Every Body Does It
267. The Two Laws of Thermal Radiation
268. How does Light Tell Us the Speed of a Distant Object?
269. The Doppler Effect
270. Spectral Summary
271. 5.3 Collecting Light with Telescopes
272. How do Telescopes Help Us Learn about the Universe?
273. Two Key Telescope Properties
274. Basic Telescope Design
275. Telescopes Across the Spectrum
276. Looking Beyond Light
277. Why do We Put Telescopes in Space?
278. Atmospheric Effects on Visible Light
279. Atmospheric Absorption and Emission of Light
280. Adaptive Optics
281. Summary of Key Concepts
282. 5.1 Basic Properties of Light and Matter
283. What is Light?
284. What is Matter?
285. How do Light and Matter Interact?
286. 5.2 Learning from Light
287. What are the Three Basic Types of Spectra?
288. How does Light Tell Us what Things are Made Of?
289. How does Light Tell Us the Temperatures of Planets and Stars?
290. How does Light Tell Us the Speed of a Distant Object?
291. 5.3 Collecting Light with Telescopes
292. How do Telescopes Help Us Learn about the Universe?
293. Why do We Put Telescopes in Space?
294. Exercises and Problems
295. Review Questions
296. Test Your Understanding
297. Does It Make Sense?
298. Quick Quiz
299. Process of Science
300. Group Work Exercise
301. Investigate Further
302. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
303. Quantitative Problems
304. Discussion Questions
305. Web Projects
306. Part III Learning from Other Worlds
307. 6 Formation of the Solar System
308. Learning Goals
309. 6.1 A Brief Tour of the Solar System
310. What does the Solar System Look Like?
311. The Sun
312. Mercury
313. Venus
314. Earth
315. Mars
316. Jupiter
317. Saturn
318. Uranus
319. Neptune
320. Dwarf Planets: Pluto, Eris, and More
321. 6.2 The Nebular Theory of Solar System Formation
322. What Features of Our Solar System Provide Clues to How it Formed?
323. Feature 1: Patterns of Motion Among Large Bodies
324. Feature 2: Two Types of Planets
325. Feature 3: Asteroids and Comets
326. Feature 4: Exceptions to the Rules
327. What is the Nebular Theory?
328. From Hypothesis to Theory
329. Origin of the Nebula
330. 6.3 Explaining the Major Features of the Solar System
331. What Caused the Orderly Patterns of Motion?
332. Heating, Spinning, and Flattening
333. Testing the Model
334. Why are There Two Major Types of Planets?
335. Condensation: Sowing the Seeds of Planets
336. Building the Terrestrial Planets
337. Making the Jovian Planets
338. Clearing the Nebula
339. Where did Asteroids and Comets Come From?
340. How do we Explain the “Exceptions to the Rules”?
341. Captured Moons
342. The Giant Impact Formation of Our Moon
343. Other Exceptions
344. 6.4 The Age of the Solar System
345. How do We Know the Age of the Solar System?
346. Dating Rocks
347. Earth Rocks, Moon Rocks, and Meteorites
348. Summary of Key Concepts
349. 6.1 A Brief Tour of the Solar System
350. What does the Solar System Look Like?
351. 6.2 The Nebular Theory of Solar System Formation
352. What Features of Our Solar System Provide Clues to How it Formed?
353. What is the Nebular Theory?
354. 6.3 Explaining the Major Features of the Solar System
355. What Caused the Orderly Patterns of Motion?
356. Why are There Two Major Types of Planets?
357. Where did Asteroids and Comets Come From?
358. How do We Explain the “Exceptions to the Rules”?
359. 6.4 The Age of the Solar System
360. How do We Know the Age of the Solar System?
361. Exercises and Problems
362. Review Questions
363. Test Your Understanding
364. Surprising Discoveries?
365. Quick Quiz
366. Process of Science
367. Group Work Exercise
368. Investigate Further
369. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
370. Quantitative Problems
371. Discussion Questions
372. Web Projects
373. 7 Earth and the Terrestrial Worlds
374. Learning Goals
375. 7.1 Earth as a Planet
376. Why is Earth Geologically Active?
377. Interior Structure
378. Differentiation and Internal Heat
379. Internal Heat and Geological Activity
380. The Magnetic Field
381. What Processes Shape Earth’s Surface?
382. Impact Cratering
383. Volcanism
384. Tectonics
385. Erosion
386. How does Earth’s Atmosphere Affect the Planet?
387. Surface Protection
388. The Greenhouse Effect
389. 7.2 The Moon and Mercury: Geologically Dead
390. Was there Ever Geological Activity on the Moon or Mercury?
391. Geological Features of the Moon
392. Geological Features of Mercury
393. 7.3 Mars: A Victim of Planetary Freeze-Drying
394. What Geological Features Tell Us that Water Once Flowed on Mars?
395. The Geology of Mars
396. Ancient Water Flows
397. Martian Water Today
398. Why did Mars Change?
399. 7.4 Venus: A Hothouse World
400. Is Venus Geologically Active?
401. Geological Features of Venus
402. The Absence of Plate Tectonics
403. Why is Venus So Hot?
404. The Fate of Outgassed Water and Carbon Dioxide
405. The Runaway Greenhouse Effect
406. 7.5 Earth as a Living Planet
407. What Unique Features of Earth are Important for Life?
408. Our Unique Oceans and Atmosphere
409. Plate Tectonics
410. Climate Stability
411. How is Human Activity Changing Our Planet?
412. Global Warming
413. Consequences of Global Warming
414. What Makes a Planet Habitable?
415. Summary of Key Concepts
416. 7.1 Earth as a Planet
417. Why is Earth Geologically Active?
418. What Processes Shape Earth’s Surface?
419. How does Earth’s Atmosphere Affect the Planet?
420. 7.2 The Moon and Mercury: Geologically Dead
421. Was there Ever Geological Activity on the Moon or Mercury?
422. 7.3 Mars: A Victim of Planetary Freeze-Drying
423. What Geological Features Tell Us that Water Once Flowed on Mars?
424. Why did Mars Change?
425. 7.4 Venus: A Hothouse World
426. Is Venus Geologically Active?
427. Why is Venus So Hot?
428. 7.5 Earth as a Living Planet
429. What Unique Features of Earth are Important for Life?
430. How is Human Activity Changing our Planet?
431. What Makes a Planet Habitable?
432. Exercises and Problems
433. Review Questions
434. Test Your Understanding
435. Surprising Discoveries?
436. Quick Quiz
437. Process of Science
438. Group Work Exercise
439. Investigate Further
440. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
441. Quantitative Problems
442. Discussion Questions
443. Web Projects
444. 8 Jovian Planet Systems
445. Learning Goals
446. 8.1 A Different Kind of Planet
447. What are Jovian Planets Made Of?
448. General Composition
449. Density Differences
450. Jovian Planet Interiors
451. Magnetic Fields
452. What is the Weather Like on Jovian Planets?
453. Clouds and Colors
454. Global Winds and Storms
455. 8.2 A Wealth of Worlds: Satellites of Ice and Rock
456. What Kinds of Moons Orbit the Jovian Planets?
457. Why are Jupiter’s Galilean Moons Geologically Active?
458. Io: The Volcano World
459. Europa: The Water World?
460. Ganymede and Callisto
461. What Geological Activity do We See on Titan and Other Moons?
462. Titan
463. Saturn’s Medium-Size Moons
464. Moons of Uranus and Neptune
465. Why are Jovian Moons More Geologically Active than Small Rocky Planets?
466. 8.3 Jovian Planet Rings
467. What are Saturn’s Rings Like?
468. Ring Particle Characteristics
469. Rings and Gaps
470. Why do the Jovian Planets have Rings?
471. Summary of Key Concepts
472. 8.1 A Different Kind of Planet
473. What are Jovian Planets Made Of?
474. What is the Weather Like on Jovian Planets?
475. 8.2 A Wealth of Worlds: Satellites of Ice and Rock
476. What Kinds of Moons Orbit the Jovian Planets?
477. Why are Jupiter’s Galilean Moons Geologically Active?
478. What Geological Activity do We See on Titan and Other Moons?
479. Why are Jovian Moons More Geologically Active than Small Rocky Planets?
480. 8.3 Jovian Planet Rings
481. What are Saturn’s Rings Like?
482. Why do the Jovian Planets have Rings?
483. Exercises and Problems
484. Review Questions
485. Test Your Understanding
486. Surprising Discoveries?
487. Quick Quiz
488. Process of Science
489. Group Work Exercise
490. Investigate Further
491. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
492. Quantitative Problems
493. Discussion Questions
494. Web Projects
495. 9 Asteroids, Comets, and Dwarf Planets Their Nature, Orbits, and Impacts
496. Learning Goals
497. 9.1 Classifying Small Bodies
498. How do We Classify Small Bodies?
499. Asteroids
500. Comets
501. Dwarf Planets
502. Meteors and Meteorites
503. 9.2 Asteroids
504. What are Asteroids Like?
505. What do Meteorites Tell Us about Asteroids and the Early Solar System?
506. Why is There an Asteroid Belt?
507. 9.3 Comets
508. Why do Comets Grow Tails?
509. The Flashy Lives of Comets
510. Comet Tails and Meteor Showers
511. Where do Comets Come From?
512. 9.4 Pluto and the Kuiper Belt
513. What is Pluto Like?
514. Pluto Before New Horizons
515. New Horizons at Pluto
516. What do We Know about Other Kuiper Belt Comets?
517. 9.5 Cosmic Collisions: Small Bodies Versus the Planets
518. Did an Impact Kill the Dinosaurs?
519. How Great is the Impact Risk Today?
520. How do the Jovian Planets Affect Impact Rates and Life on Earth?
521. Summary of Key Concepts
522. 9.1 Classifying Small Bodies
523. How do We Classify Small Bodies?
524. 9.2 Asteroids
525. What are Asteroids Like?
526. What do Meteorites Tell Us about Asteroids and the Early Solar System?
527. Why is There an Asteroid Belt?
528. 9.3 Comets
529. Why do Comets Grow Tails?
530. Where do Comets Come From?
531. 9.4 Pluto and the Kuiper Belt
532. What is Pluto Like?
533. What do We Know about Other Kuiper Belt Comets?
534. 9.5 Cosmic Collisions: Small Bodies Versus the Planets
535. Did an Impact Kill the Dinosaurs?
536. How Great is the Impact Risk Today?
537. How do the Jovian Planets Affect Impact Rates and Life on Earth?
538. Exercises and Problems
539. Review Questions
540. Short-Answer Questions Based on the Reading
541. Test Your Understanding
542. Surprising Discoveries?
543. Quick Quiz
544. Process of Science
545. Group Work Exercise
546. Investigate Further
547. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
548. Quantitative Problems
549. Discussion Questions
550. Web Projects
551. 10 Other Planetary Systems The New Science of Distant Worlds
552. Learning Goals
553. 10.1 Detecting Planets Around Other Stars
554. How do We Detect Planets Around Other Stars?
555. Gravitational Tugs
556. The Astrometric Method
557. The Doppler Method
558. Transits
559. Other Strategies
560. 10.2 The Nature of Planets Around Other Stars
561. What Properties of Extrasolar Planets can We Measure?
562. Orbital Period and Distance
563. Orbital Eccentricity
564. Planetary Mass
565. Planetary Size
566. Planetary Density
567. Atmospheric Composition and Temperature
568. How do Extrasolar Planets Compare with Planets in Our Solar System?
569. Orbital Properties
570. Sizes, Masses, and Densities
571. The Nature of Extrasolar Planets
572. 10.3 The Formation of Other Planetary Systems
573. Do We Need to Modify Our Theory of Solar System Formation?
574. Explaining Planetary Orbits
575. Explaining Planetary Types
576. An Improved Nebular Theory
577. Are Planetary Systems Like Ours Common?
578. Summary of Key Concepts
579. 10.1 Detecting Planets Around Other Stars
580. How do We Detect Planets Around Other Stars?
581. 10.2 The Nature of Planets Around Other Stars
582. What Properties of Extrasolar Planets can We Measure?
583. How do Extrasolar Planets Compare with Planets in Our Solar System?
584. 10.3 The Formation of Other Planetary Systems
585. Do We Need to Modify Our Theory of Solar System Formation?
586. Are Planetary Systems Like Ours Common?
587. Exercises and Problems
588. Review Questions
589. Test Your Understanding
590. Does It Make Sense?
591. Quick Quiz
592. Process of Science
593. Group Work Exercise
594. Investigate Further
595. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
596. Quantitative Problems
597. Discussion Questions
598. Web Projects
599. Part IV Stars
600. 11 Our Star
601. Learning Goals
602. 11.1 A Closer Look at the Sun
603. Why does the Sun Shine?
604. How Fusion Started
605. The Stable Sun
606. What is the Sun’s Structure?
607. Basic Properties of the Sun
608. The Sun’s Atmosphere
609. The Sun’s Interior
610. 11.2 Nuclear Fusion in the Sun
611. How does Nuclear Fusion Occur in the Sun?
612. The Proton–Proton Chain
613. The Solar Thermostat
614. How does the Energy from Fusion Get Out of the Sun?
615. How do We Know what is Happening Inside the Sun?
616. Mathematical Models
617. Solar Vibrations
618. Solar Neutrinos
619. 11.3 The Sun–Earth Connection
620. What Causes Solar Activity?
621. Sunspots and Magnetic Fields
622. Solar Storms
623. Heating of the Chromosphere and Corona
624. How does Solar Activity Vary with Time?
625. The Sunspot Cycle
626. The Cause of the Sunspot Cycle
627. The Sunspot Cycle and Earth’s Climate
628. Summary of Key Concepts
629. 11.1 A Closer Look at the Sun
630. Why does the Sun Shine?
631. What is the Sun’s Structure?
632. 11.2 Nuclear Fusion in the Sun
633. How does Nuclear Fusion Occur in the Sun?
634. How does the Energy from Fusion Get Out of the Sun?
635. How do We Know what is Happening Inside the Sun?
636. 11.3 The Sun–Earth Connection
637. What Causes Solar Activity?
638. How does Solar Activity Vary with Time?
639. Exercises and Problems
640. Review Questions
641. Test Your Understanding
642. Does It Make Sense?
643. Quick Quiz
644. Process of Science
645. Group Work Exercise
646. Investigate Further
647. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
648. Quantitative Problems
649. Discussion Questions
650. Web Projects
651. 12 Surveying the Stars
652. Learning Goals
653. 12.1 Properties of Stars
654. How do We Measure Stellar Luminosities?
655. The Inverse Square Law for Light
656. Measuring Distance Through Stellar Parallax
657. The Luminosity Range of Stars
658. The Magnitude System
659. How do We Measure Stellar Temperatures?
660. Color and Temperature
661. Spectral Type and Temperature
662. History of the Spectral Sequence
663. How do We Measure Stellar Masses?
664. Types of Binary Star Systems
665. Masses in Binary Systems
666. 12.2 Patterns Among Stars
667. What is a Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram?
668. Basics of the H-R Diagram
669. Patterns in the H-R Diagram
670. Luminosity Classes
671. Complete Stellar Classification
672. What is the Significance of the Main Sequence?
673. Masses Along the Main Sequence
674. Lifetimes Along the Main Sequence
675. Mass: A Star’s Most Fundamental Property
676. What are Giants, Supergiants, and White Dwarfs?
677. Giants and Supergiants
678. White Dwarfs
679. 12.3 Star Clusters
680. What are the Two Types of Star Clusters?
681. How do We Measure the Age of a Star Cluster?
682. Summary of Key Concepts
683. 12.1 Properties of Stars
684. How do We Measure Stellar Luminosities?
685. How do We Measure Stellar Temperatures?
686. How do We Measure Stellar Masses?
687. 12.2 Patterns Among Stars
688. What is a Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram?
689. What is the Significance of the Main Sequence?
690. What are Giants, Supergiants, and White Dwarfs?
691. 12.3 Star Clusters
692. What are the Two Types of Star Clusters?
693. How do We Measure the Age of a Star Cluster?
694. Exercises and Problems
695. Review Questions
696. Test Your Understanding
697. Does It Make Sense?
698. Quick Quiz
699. Process of Science
700. Group Work Exercise
701. Investigate Further
702. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
703. Quantitative Problems
704. Discussion Question
705. Web Projects
706. 13 Star Stuff
707. Learning Goals
708. 13.1 Star Birth
709. How do Stars Form?
710. From Cloud to Protostar
711. Disks and Jets
712. Single Star or Binary?
713. From Protostar to the Main Sequence
714. How Massive are Newborn Stars?
715. Limits on Stellar Masses
716. Pressure in Brown Dwarfs
717. 13.2 Life as a Low-Mass Star
718. What are the Life Stages of a Low-Mass Star?
719. Main-Sequence Stage
720. Red Giant Stage
721. Helium Fusion
722. How does a Low-Mass Star Die?
723. Last Gasps
724. Planetary Nebula
725. The Fate of Earth
726. The Sun’s Life on an H-R Diagram
727. 13.3 Life as a High-Mass Star
728. What are the Life Stages of a High-Mass Star?
729. Hydrogen Fusion in a High-Mass Star
730. Becoming a Supergiant
731. How do High-Mass Stars Make the Elements Necessary for Life?
732. Fusion of Heavier Nuclei
733. Iron: Bad News for the Stellar Core
734. Evidence for the Origin of Elements
735. How does a High-Mass Star Die?
736. The Supernova Explosion
737. Supernova Observations
738. Summary of Stellar Lives
739. 13.4 Stars in Close Binaries
740. How are the Lives of Stars with Close Companions Different?
741. Summary of Key Concepts
742. 13.1 Star Birth
743. How do Stars Form?
744. How Massive are Newborn Stars?
745. 13.2 Life as a Low-Mass Star
746. What are the Life Stages of a Low-Mass Star?
747. How does a Low-Mass Star Die?
748. 13.3 Life as a High-Mass Star
749. What are the Life Stages of a High-Mass Star?
750. How do High-Mass Stars Make the Elements Necessary for Life?
751. How does a High-Mass Star Die?
752. 13.4 Stars in Close Binaries
753. How are the Lives of Stars with Close Companions Different?
754. Exercises and Problems
755. Review Questions
756. Test Your Understanding
757. Does It Make Sense?
758. Quick Quiz
759. Process of Science
760. Group Work Exercise
761. Investigate Further
762. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
763. Quantitative Problems
764. Discussion Questions
765. Web Projects
766. 14 The Bizarre Stellar Graveyard
767. Learning Goals
768. 14.1 White Dwarfs
769. What is a White Dwarf?
770. White Dwarf Composition, Density, and Size
771. The White Dwarf Limit
772. What can Happen to a White Dwarf in a Close Binary System?
773. Accretion Disks
774. Novae
775. White Dwarf Supernovae
776. 14.2 Neutron Stars
777. What is a Neutron Star?
778. How were Neutron Stars Discovered?
779. What can Happen to a Neutron Star in a Close Binary System?
780. X-Ray Bursts
781. Neutron Star Mergers
782. 14.3 Black Holes: Gravity’s Ultimate Victory
783. What is a Black Hole?
784. The Event Horizon
785. Singularity and the Limits to Knowledge
786. What would it be Like to Visit a Black Hole?
787. Do Black Holes Really Exist?
788. The Formation of a Black Hole
789. Observational Evidence for Black Holes
790. 14.4 Extreme Events
791. What Causes Gamma-Ray Bursts?
792. What Happens when Black Holes Merge?
793. Summary of Key Concepts
794. 14.1 White Dwarfs
795. What is a White Dwarf?
796. What can Happen to a White Dwarf in a Close Binary System?
797. 14.2 Neutron Stars
798. What is a Neutron Star?
799. How were Neutron Stars Discovered?
800. What can Happen to a Neutron Star in a Close Binary System?
801. 14.3 Black Holes: Gravity’s Ultimate Victory
802. What is a Black Hole?
803. What would it Be Like to Visit a Black Hole?
804. Do Black Holes Really Exist?
805. 14.4 Extreme Events
806. What Causes Gamma-Ray Bursts?
807. What Happens when Black Holes Merge?
808. Exercises and Problems
809. Review Questions
810. Test Your Understanding
811. Does It Make Sense?
812. Quick Quiz
813. Process of Science
814. Group Work Exercise
815. Investigate Further
816. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
817. Quantitative Problems
818. Discussion Questions
819. Web Projects
820. Part V Galaxies and Beyond
821. 15 Our Galaxy
822. Learning Goals
823. 15.1 The Milky Way Revealed
824. What does Our Galaxy Look Like?
825. How do Stars Orbit in Our Galaxy?
826. Orbits of Disk Stars
827. Orbits of Halo Stars
828. Orbits of Bulge Stars
829. Stellar Orbits and the Mass of the Galaxy
830. 15.2 Galactic Recycling
831. How is Gas Recycled in Our Galaxy?
832. Gas from Dying Stars
833. Cooling and Cloud Formation
834. Completing the Cycle
835. Putting It All Together: The Distribution of Gas in the Milky Way
836. Where do Stars Tend to Form in Our Galaxy?
837. Star-Forming Regions
838. Spiral Arms
839. 15.3 The History of the Milky Way
840. What do Halo Stars Tell Us about Our Galaxy’s History?
841. How did Our Galaxy Form?
842. 15.4 The Galactic Center
843. What is the Evidence for a Black Hole at Our Galaxy’s Center?
844. Summary of Key Concepts
845. 15.1 The Milky Way Revealed
846. What does Our Galaxy Look Like?
847. How do Stars orbit in Our Galaxy?
848. 15.2 Galactic Recycling
849. How is Gas Recycled in Our Galaxy?
850. Where do Stars Tend to Form in Our Galaxy?
851. 15.3 The History of the Milky Way
852. What do Halo Stars Tell us about Our Galaxy’s History?
853. How did Our Galaxy Form?
854. 15.4 The Galactic Center
855. What is the Evidence for a Black Hole at Our Galaxy’s Center?
856. Exercises and Problems
857. Review Questions
858. Test Your Understanding
859. Does It Make Sense?
860. Quick Quiz
861. Process of Science
862. Group Work Exercise
863. Investigate Further
864. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
865. Quantitative Problems
866. Discussion Questions
867. Web Projects
868. 16 A Universe of Galaxies
869. Learning Goals
870. 16.1 Islands of Stars
871. What Patterns do We Find Among the Properties of Galaxies?
872. Spiral Galaxies
873. Elliptical Galaxies
874. Irregular Galaxies
875. Hubble’s Galaxy Classes
876. Patterns in Galaxy Color and Luminosity
877. Patterns in Galaxy Groups and Clusters
878. 16.2 Distances of Galaxies
879. How do We Measure the Distances to Galaxies?
880. Standard Candles
881. Cepheid Variables
882. Distant Standard Candles
883. What is Hubble’s Law?
884. Hubble and the Andromeda Galaxy
885. Distance and Redshift
886. Hubble’s Law
887. Distance Chain Summary
888. How do Distance Measurements Tell Us the Age of the Universe?
889. The Cosmological Principle
890. The Age of the Universe
891. Lookback Time and Cosmological Redshift
892. The Horizon of the Universe
893. 16.3 Galaxy Evolution
894. How do We Study Galaxy Evolution?
895. Observing Galaxies at Different Ages
896. Modeling Galaxy Formation
897. Why do Galaxies Differ?
898. Birth Conditions
899. Later Interactions
900. An Incomplete Answer
901. How does Gas Cycle through Galaxies?
902. Bursts of Star Formation
903. Regulation of the Gas Supply
904. 16.4 The Role of Supermassive Black Holes
905. What is the Evidence for Supermassive Black Holes at the Centers of Galaxies?
906. Sizes of Active Galactic Nuclei
907. The Black Hole Hypothesis
908. Evidence from Orbits
909. Do Supermassive Black Holes Regulate Galaxy Evolution?
910. Radio Galaxies
911. Disruption of the Star–Gas–Star Cycle
912. Black Holes and Galaxy Evolution
913. Summary of Key Concepts
914. 16.1 Islands of Stars
915. What Patterns do We Find Among the Properties of Galaxies?
916. 16.2 Distances of Galaxies
917. How do We Measure the Distances to Galaxies?
918. What is Hubble’s Law?
919. How do Distance Measurements Tell us the age of the universe?
920. 16.3 Galaxy Evolution
921. How do We Study Galaxy Evolution?
922. Why do Galaxies Differ?
923. How does Gas Cycle through Galaxies?
924. 16.4 The Role of Supermassive Black Holes
925. What is the Evidence for Supermassive Black Holes at the Centers of Galaxies?
926. Do Supermassive Black Holes Regulate Galaxy Evolution?
927. Exercises and Problems
928. Review Questions
929. Test Your Understanding
930. Does It Make Sense?
931. Quick Quiz
932. Process of Science
933. Group Work Exercise
934. Investigate Further
935. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
936. Quantitative Problems
937. Discussion Questions
938. Web Projects
939. 17 The Birth of the Universe
940. Learning Goals
941. 17.1 The Big Bang Theory
942. What were Conditions Like in the Early Universe?
943. Particle Creation and Annihilation
944. Fundamental Forces
945. How did the Early Universe Change with Time?
946. The Planck Era
947. The GUT Era
948. The Electroweak Era
949. The Particle Era
950. The Era of Nucleosynthesis
951. The Era of Nuclei
952. The Eras of Atoms and Galaxies
953. Early Universe Summary
954. 17.2 Evidence for the Big Bang
955. How do Observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background Support the Big Bang Theory?
956. How do the Abundances of Elements Support the Big Bang Theory?
957. Helium Formation in the Early Universe
958. Abundances of Other Light Elements
959. 17.3 The Big Bang and Inflation
960. What Key Features of the Universe are Explained by Inflation?
961. Density Enhancements: Giant Quantum Fluctuations
962. Uniformity: Equalizing Temperatures and Densities
963. Geometry: Balancing the Universe
964. Did Inflation Really Occur?
965. 17.4 Observing the Big Bang for Yourself
966. Why is the Darkness of the Night Sky Evidence for the Big Bang?
967. Summary of Key Concepts
968. 17.1 The Big Bang Theory
969. What were Conditions Like in the Early Universe?
970. How did the Early Universe Change with Time?
971. 17.2 Evidence for the Big Bang
972. How do Observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background Support the Big Bang Theory?
973. How do the Abundances of Elements Support the Big Bang Theory?
974. 17.3 The Big Bang and Inflation
975. What Key Features of the Universe are Explained by Inflation?
976. Did Inflation Really Occur?
977. 17.4 Observing the Big Bang for Yourself
978. Why is the Darkness of the Night Sky Evidence for the Big Bang?
979. Exercises and Problems
980. Review Questions
981. Test Your Understanding
982. Does It Make Sense?
983. Quick Quiz
984. Process of Science
985. Group Work Exercise
986. Investigate Further
987. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
988. Quantitative Problems
989. Discussion Questions
990. Web Projects
991. 18 Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Fate of the Universe
992. Learning Goals
993. 18.1 Unseen Influences in the Cosmos
994. What do We Mean by Dark Matter and Dark Energy?
995. 18.2 Evidence for Dark Matter
996. What is the Evidence for Dark Matter in Galaxies?
997. Dark Matter in the Milky Way
998. Dark Matter in Other Galaxies
999. What is the Evidence for Dark Matter in Clusters of Galaxies?
1000. Orbits of Galaxies in Clusters
1001. Hot Gas in Clusters
1002. Gravitational Lensing
1003. Does Dark Matter Really Exist?
1004. What Might Dark Matter be Made Of?
1005. Ordinary Matter: Not Enough
1006. Exotic Matter: The Leading Hypothesis
1007. Searching for Dark Matter Particles
1008. 18.3 Structure Formation
1009. What is the Role of Dark Matter in Galaxy Formation?
1010. What are the Largest Structures in the Universe?
1011. 18.4 Dark Energy and the Fate of the Universe
1012. What is the Evidence for an Accelerating Expansion?
1013. Four Expansion Models
1014. Evidence for Acceleration
1015. The Nature of Dark Energy
1016. Why is Flat Geometry Evidence for Dark Energy?
1017. Flatness and Dark Energy
1018. Inventory of the Universe
1019. The Age of the Universe
1020. What is the Fate of the Universe?
1021. The Next 10100 Years
1022. Forever Is a Long Time
1023. Summary of Key Concepts
1024. 18.1 Unseen Influences in the Cosmos
1025. What do We Mean by Dark Matter and Dark Energy?
1026. 18.2 Evidence for Dark Matter
1027. What is the Evidence for Dark Matter in Galaxies?
1028. What is the Evidence for Dark Matter in Clusters of Galaxies?
1029. Does Dark Matter Really Exist?
1030. What Might Dark Matter be Made Of?
1031. 18.3 Structure Formation
1032. What is the Role of Dark Matter in Galaxy Formation?
1033. What are the Largest Structures in the Universe?
1034. 18.4 Dark Energy and the Fate of the Universe
1035. What is the Evidence for an Accelerating Expansion?
1036. Why is Flat Geometry Evidence for Dark Energy?
1037. What is the Fate of the Universe?
1038. Exercises and Problems
1039. Review Questions
1040. Test Your Understanding
1041. Does It Make Sense?
1042. Quick Quiz
1043. Process of Science
1044. Group Work Exercise
1045. Investigate Further
1046. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
1047. Quantitative Problems
1048. Discussion Questions
1049. Web Projects
1050. Part VI Life on Earth and Beyond
1051. 19 Life in the Universe
1052. Learning Goals
1053. 19.1 Life on Earth
1054. When did Life Arise on Earth?
1055. How did Life Arise on Earth?
1056. The Theory of Evolution
1057. The Mechanism of Evolution
1058. The First Living Organisms
1059. The Transition from Chemistry to Biology
1060. Could Life Have Migrated to Earth?
1061. A Brief History of Life on Earth
1062. What are the Necessities of Life?
1063. 19.2 Life in the Solar System
1064. Could there Be Life on Mars?
1065. Searching for Life on Mars
1066. Methane on Mars
1067. Could there Be Life in the Outer Solar System?
1068. Jupiter’s Potentially Habitable Moons
1069. Titan and Enceladus
1070. Beyond Saturn
1071. 19.3 Life Around Other Stars
1072. What are the Requirements for Surface Habitability?
1073. The Habitable Zone
1074. Volcanism and Plate Tectonics
1075. Global Magnetic Field
1076. A Recipe for Habitability?
1077. What Kinds of Extrasolar Worlds Might be Habitable?
1078. Moons with Habitable Surfaces
1079. Super-Earths and Water Worlds in Extended Habitable Zones
1080. Subsurface Habitability
1081. Orphan Planets
1082. The Bottom Line: Wide-Ranging Possibilities
1083. How could We Detect Life on Extrasolar Planets?
1084. 19.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
1085. How Many Civilizations are out There?
1086. The Drake Equation
1087. The Number of Life-Bearing Planets
1088. The Question of Intelligence
1089. Technological Lifetimes
1090. How does SETI Work?
1091. 19.5 Interstellar Travel and Its Implications for Civilization
1092. How Difficult is Interstellar Travel?
1093. The Challenge of Interstellar Travel
1094. Starship Design
1095. Where are the Aliens?
1096. Summary of Key Concepts
1097. 19.1 Life on Earth
1098. When did Life Arise on Earth?
1099. How did Life Arise on Earth?
1100. What are the Necessities of Life?
1101. 19.2 Life in the Solar System
1102. Could there Be Life on Mars?
1103. Could there Be Life in the Outer Solar System?
1104. 19.3 Life Around Other Stars
1105. What are the Requirements for Surface Life?
1106. What Kinds of Extrasolar Worlds Might be Habitable?
1107. How could We Detect Life on Extrasolar Planets?
1108. 19.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
1109. How Many Civilizations are Out There?
1110. How does SETI Work?
1111. 19.5 Interstellar Travel and Its Implications for Civilization
1112. How Difficult is Interstellar Travel?
1113. Where are the Aliens?
1114. Exercises and Problems
1115. Review Questions
1116. Test Your Understanding
1117. Fantasy or Science Fiction?
1118. Quick Quiz
1119. Process of Science
1120. Group Work Exercise
1121. Investigate Further
1122. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
1123. Quantitative Problems
1124. Discussion Questions
1125. Web Projects
1126. A Useful Numbers
1127. Astronomical Distances
1128. Universal Constants
1129. Useful Sun and Earth Reference Values
1130. Astronomical Times
1131. Energy and Power Units
1132. B Useful Formulas
1133. C A Few Mathematical Skills
1134. C.1 Powers of 10
1135. Multiplying and Dividing Powers of 10
1136. Powers of Powers of 10
1137. Adding and Subtracting Powers of 10
1138. Summary
1139. C.2 Scientific Notation
1140. Converting a Number to Scientific Notation
1141. Converting a Number from Scientific Notation
1142. Multiplying or Dividing Numbers in Scientific Notation
1143. Addition and Subtraction with Scientific Notation
1144. C.3 Working with Units
1145. Five Guidelines for Working with Units
1146. More Examples of Working with Units