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  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0134092503
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0134092508
  • Author:  Randy Knight

For the Fourth Edition ofPhysics for Scientists and Engineers, Knight continues to build on strong research-based foundations with fine-tuned and streamlined content, hallmark features, and an even more robust MasteringPhysics program, taking student learning to a new level. By extending problem-solving guidance to include a greater emphasis on modeling and significantly revised and more challenging problem sets, students gain confidence and skills in problem solving. A modified Table of Contents and the addition of advanced topics now accommodate different teaching preferences and course structures.

 

Table of Content:

  1. Part I Newton’s Laws
  2. 1 Concepts of Motion
  3. 1.1 Motion Diagrams
  4. Making a Motion Diagram
  5. 1.2 Models and Modeling
  6. The Particle Model
  7. 1.3 Position, Time, and Displacement
  8. Scalars and Vectors
  9. Displacement
  10. Motion Diagrams with Displacement Vectors
  11. Time Interval
  12. 1.4 Velocity
  13. Motion Diagrams with Velocity Vectors
  14. 1.5 Linear Acceleration
  15. Finding the Acceleration Vectors on a Motion Diagram
  16. The Complete Motion Diagram
  17. Examples of Motion Diagrams
  18. 1.6 Motion in One Dimension
  19. Determining the Signs of Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
  20. Position-versus-Time Graphs
  21. 1.7 Solving Problems in Physics
  22. Using Symbols
  23. Drawing Pictures
  24. Representations
  25. A Problem-Solving Strategy
  26. 1.8 Units and Significant Figures
  27. Time
  28. Length
  29. Mass
  30. Using Prefixes
  31. Unit Conversions
  32. Assessment
  33. Significant Figures
  34. Orders of Magnitude and Estimating
  35. Summary
  36. General Strategy
  37. Problem Solving
  38. Motion Diagrams
  39. Important Concepts
  40. Pictorial Representation
  41. Applications
  42. Terms and Notation
  43. Conceptual Questions
  44. Exercises and Problems
  45. Exercises
  46. Section 1.1 Motion Diagrams
  47. Section 1.2 Models and Modeling
  48. Section 1.3 Position, Time, and Displacement
  49. Section 1.4 Velocity
  50. Section 1.5 Linear Acceleration
  51. Section 1.6 Motion in One Dimension
  52. Section 1.7 Solving Problems in Physics
  53. Section 1.8 Units and Significant Figures
  54. Problems
  55. 2 Kinematics in One Dimension
  56. 2.1 Uniform Motion
  57. The Mathematics of Uniform Motion
  58. The Uniform-Motion Model
  59. 2.2 Instantaneous Velocity
  60. A Little Calculus: Derivatives
  61. 2.3 Finding Position from Velocity
  62. A Little More Calculus: Integrals
  63. 2.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration
  64. Signs and Units
  65. The Kinematic Equations of Constant Acceleration
  66. The Constant-Acceleration Model
  67. 2.5 Free Fall
  68. 2.6 Motion on an Inclined Plane
  69. Thinking Graphically
  70. 2.7 Advanced Topic Instantaneous Acceleration
  71. Summary
  72. General Principles
  73. Solving Kinematics Problems
  74. Important Concepts
  75. Applications
  76. Terms and Notation
  77. Conceptual Questions
  78. Exercises and Problems
  79. Exercises
  80. Section 2.1 Uniform Motion
  81. Section 2.2 Instantaneous Velocity
  82. Section 2.3 Finding Position from Velocity
  83. Section 2.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration
  84. Section 2.5 Free Fall
  85. Section 2.6 Motion on an Inclined Plane
  86. Section 2.7 Instantaneous Acceleration
  87. Problems
  88. Challenge Problems
  89. 3 Vectors and Coordinate Systems
  90. 3.1 Scalars and Vectors
  91. 3.2 Using Vectors
  92. Vector Addition
  93. More Vector Mathematics
  94. 3.3 Coordinate Systems and Vector Components
  95. Coordinate Systems
  96. Component Vectors
  97. Components
  98. 3.4 Unit Vectors and Vector Algebra
  99. Vector Math
  100. Tilted Axes and Arbitrary Directions
  101. Summary
  102. Important Concepts
  103. Unit Vectors
  104. Using Vectors
  105. Components
  106. Working Graphically
  107. Working Algebraically
  108. Terms and Notation
  109. Conceptual Questions
  110. Exercises and Problems
  111. Exercises
  112. Section 3.1 Scalars and Vectors
  113. Section 3.2 Using Vectors
  114. Section 3.3 Coordinate Systems and Vector Components
  115. Section 3.4 Unit Vectors and Vector Algebra
  116. Problems
  117. 4 Kinematics in Two Dimensions
  118. 4.1 Motion in Two Dimensions
  119. Acceleration Graphically
  120. Acceleration Mathematically
  121. Constant Acceleration
  122. 4.2 Projectile Motion
  123. Reasoning About Projectile Motion
  124. The Projectile Motion Model
  125. 4.3 Relative Motion
  126. Reference Frames
  127. 4.4 Uniform Circular Motion
  128. Angular Position
  129. Angular Velocity
  130. 4.5 Centripetal Acceleration
  131. The Uniform Circular Motion Model
  132. 4.6 Nonuniform Circular Motion
  133. Tangential Acceleration
  134. Summary
  135. General Principles
  136. Relative Motion
  137. Important Concepts
  138. Uniform Circular Motion
  139. Nonuniform Circular Motion
  140. Applications
  141. Kinematics in two dimensions
  142. Circular motion kinematics
  143. Terms and Notation
  144. Conceptual Questions
  145. Exercises and Problems
  146. Exercises
  147. Section 4.1 Motion in Two Dimensions
  148. Section 4.2 Projectile Motion
  149. Section 4.3 Relative Motion
  150. Section 4.4 Uniform Circular Motion
  151. Section 4.5 Centripetal Acceleration
  152. Section 4.6 Nonuniform Circular Motion
  153. Problems
  154. Challenge Problems
  155. 5 Force and Motion
  156. 5.1 Force
  157. Force Vectors
  158. Combining Forces
  159. 5.2 A Short Catalog of Forces
  160. Gravity
  161. Spring Force
  162. Tension Force
  163. Normal Force
  164. Friction
  165. Drag
  166. Thrust
  167. Electric and Magnetic Forces
  168. 5.3 Identifying Forces
  169. 5.4 What Do Forces Do?
  170. Mass
  171. 5.5 Newton’s Second Law
  172. Forces Are Interactions
  173. 5.6 Newton’s First Law
  174. What Good Is Newton’s First Law?
  175. Inertial Reference Frames
  176. Thinking About Force
  177. 5.7 Free-Body Diagrams
  178. Summary
  179. General Principles
  180. Important Concepts
  181. Key Skills
  182. Identifying Forces
  183. Free-Body Diagrams
  184. Terms and Notation
  185. Conceptual Questions
  186. Exercises and Problems
  187. Exercises
  188. Section 5.3 Identifying Forces
  189. Problems
  190. 6 Dynamics I: Motion Along a Line
  191. 6.1 The Equilibrium Model
  192. 6.2 Using Newton’s Second Law
  193. 6.3 Mass, Weight, and Gravity
  194. Mass: An Intrinsic Property
  195. Gravity: A Force
  196. Weight: A Measurement
  197. Weightlessness
  198. 6.4 Friction
  199. Static Friction
  200. Kinetic Friction
  201. Rolling Friction
  202. A Model of Friction
  203. Causes of Friction
  204. 6.5 Drag
  205. Terminal Speed
  206. 6.6 More Examples of Newton’s Second Law
  207. Summary
  208. General Principles
  209. Two Explanatory Models
  210. A Problem-Solving Strategy
  211. Important Concepts
  212. Applications
  213. Terms and Notation
  214. Conceptual Questions
  215. Exercises and Problems
  216. Exercises
  217. Section 6.1 The Equilibrium Model
  218. Section 6.2 Using Newton’s Second Law
  219. Section 6.3 Mass, Weight, and Gravity
  220. Section 6.4 Friction
  221. Section 6.5 Drag
  222. Problems
  223. Challenge Problems
  224. 7 Newton’s Third Law
  225. 7.1 Interacting Objects
  226. Objects, Systems, and the Environment
  227. 7.2 Analyzing Interacting Objects
  228. Propulsion
  229. 7.3 Newton’s Third Law
  230. Reasoning with Newton’s Third Law
  231. Acceleration Constraints
  232. A Revised Strategy for Interacting-Objects Problems
  233. 7.4 Ropes and Pulleys
  234. Tension Revisited
  235. The Massless String Approximation
  236. Pulleys
  237. 7.5 Examples of Interacting-Objects Problems
  238. Summary
  239. General Principles
  240. Newton’s Third Law
  241. Solving Interacting-Objects Problems
  242. Important Concepts
  243. Objects, systems, and the environment
  244. Interaction diagram
  245. Applications
  246. Acceleration constraints
  247. Strings and pulleys
  248. Terms and Notation
  249. Conceptual Questions
  250. Exercises and Problems
  251. Exercises
  252. Section 7.2 Analyzing Interacting Objects
  253. Section 7.3 Newton’s Third Law
  254. Section 7.4 Ropes and Pulleys
  255. Problems
  256. Challenge Problems
  257. 8 Dynamics II: Motion in a Plane
  258. 8.1 Dynamics in Two Dimensions
  259. Projectile Motion
  260. 8.2 Uniform Circular Motion
  261. Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion
  262. The Central-Force Model
  263. 8.3 Circular Orbits
  264. Satellites
  265. 8.4 Reasoning About Circular Motion
  266. Centrifugal Force?
  267. Gravity on a Rotating Earth
  268. Why Does the Water Stay in the Bucket?
  269. 8.5 Nonuniform Circular Motion
  270. Summary
  271. General Principles
  272. Newton’s Second Law
  273. Uniform Circular Motion
  274. Nonuniform Circular Motion
  275. Important Concepts
  276. rtz-coordinates
  277. Projectile motion
  278. Applications
  279. Orbits
  280. Circular motion on surfaces
  281. Terms and Notation
  282. Conceptual Questions
  283. Exercises and Problems
  284. Exercises
  285. Section 8.1 Dynamics in Two Dimensions
  286. Section 8.2 Uniform Circular Motion
  287. Section 8.3 Circular Orbits
  288. Section 8.4 Reasoning About Circular Motion
  289. Section 8.5 Nonuniform Circular Motion
  290. Problems
  291. Challenge Problems
  292. Part I Knowledge Structure Newton’s Laws
  293. Key Findings What are the overarching findings of Part I?
  294. Laws What laws of physics govern motion?
  295. Models What are the most common models for applying the laws of physics to moving objects?
  296. Constant force/Uniform acceleration
  297. Central force/Uniform circular motion
  298. Tools What are the most important tools for analyzing the physics of motion?
  299. Part II Conservation Laws
  300. 9 Work and Kinetic Energy
  301. 9.1 Energy Overview
  302. The Energy Principle
  303. The Basic Energy Model
  304. 9.2 Work and Kinetic Energy for a Single Particle
  305. Work
  306. Signs of Work
  307. Extending the Model
  308. 9.3 Calculating the Work Done
  309. Constant Force
  310. Work as a Dot Product of Two Vectors
  311. Zero-Work Situations
  312. Variable Force
  313. 9.4 Restoring Forces and the Work Done by a Spring
  314. Work Done by Springs
  315. 9.5 Dissipative Forces and Thermal Energy
  316. Energy at the Microscopic Level
  317. Dissipative Forces
  318. 9.6 Power
  319. Summary
  320. General Principles
  321. Basic Energy Model
  322. The Energy Principle
  323. Important Concepts
  324. Applications
  325. Hooke’s law
  326. Dot product
  327. Terms and Notation
  328. Conceptual Questions
  329. Exercises and Problems
  330. Exercises
  331. Section 9.2 Work and Kinetic Energy for a Single Particle
  332. Section 9.3 Calculating the Work Done
  333. Section 9.4 Restoring Forces and the Work Done by a Spring
  334. Section 9.5 Dissipative Forces and Thermal Energy
  335. Section 9.6 Power
  336. Problems
  337. Challenge Problems
  338. 10 Interactions and Potential Energy
  339. 10.1 Potential Energy
  340. Systems Matter
  341. 10.2 Gravitational Potential Energy
  342. The Zero of Potential Energy
  343. Energy Bar Charts
  344. Digging Deeper into Gravitational Potential Energy
  345. Motion with Gravity and Friction
  346. 10.3 Elastic Potential Energy
  347. Including Gravity
  348. 10.4 Conservation of Energy
  349. It Depends on the System
  350. A Strategy for Energy Problems
  351. Where Is Potential Energy?
  352. 10.5 Energy Diagrams
  353. Equilibrium Positions
  354. 10.6 Force and Potential Energy
  355. 10.7 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
  356. Nonconservative Forces
  357. 10.8 The Energy Principle Revisited
  358. Energy Bar Charts Expanded
  359. Summary
  360. General Principles
  361. The Energy Principle Revisited
  362. Solving Energy Problems
  363. Law of Conservation of Energy
  364. Important Concepts
  365. Applications
  366. Terms and Notation
  367. Conceptual Questions
  368. Exercises and Problems
  369. Exercises
  370. Section 10.1 Potential Energy
  371. Section 10.2 Gravitational Potential Energy
  372. Section 10.3 Elastic Potential Energy
  373. Section 10.4 Conservation of Energy
  374. Section 10.5 Energy Diagrams
  375. Section 10.6 Force and Potential Energy
  376. Section 10.7 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
  377. Section 10.8 The Energy Principle Revisited
  378. Problems
  379. Challenge Problems
  380. 11 Impulse and Momentum
  381. 11.1 Momentum and Impulse
  382. Momentum
  383. Impulse
  384. An Analogy with the Energy Principle
  385. Momentum Bar Charts
  386. Solving Impulse and Momentum Problems
  387. 11.2 Conservation of Momentum
  388. Systems of Particles
  389. Isolated Systems
  390. A Strategy for Conservation of Momentum Problems
  391. It Depends on the System
  392. 11.3 Collisions
  393. Inelastic Collisions
  394. Elastic Collisions
  395. Using Reference Frames
  396. Two Collision Models
  397. 11.4 Explosions
  398. 11.5 Momentum in Two Dimensions
  399. 11.6 Advanced Topic Rocket Propulsion
  400. Summary
  401. General Principles
  402. Law of Conservation of Momentum
  403. Newton’s Second Law
  404. Solving Momentum Conservation Problems
  405. Important Concepts
  406. Applications
  407. Terms and Notation
  408. Conceptual Questions
  409. Exercises and Problems
  410. Exercises
  411. Section 11.1 Momentum and Impulse
  412. Section 11.2 Conservation of Momentum
  413. Section 11.3 Collisions
  414. Section 11.4 Explosions
  415. Section 11.5 Momentum in Two Dimensions
  416. Section 11.6 Rocket Propulsion
  417. Problems
  418. Challenge Problems
  419. Part II Knowledge Structure Conservation Laws
  420. Key Findings What are the overarching findings of Part II?
  421. Laws What laws of physics govern energy and momentum?
  422. Models What are the most common models for using conservation laws?
  423. Basic energy model
  424. Collision model
  425. Other models and approximations
  426. Tools What are the most important tools for using energy and momentum?
  427. Part III Applications of Newtonian Mechanics
  428. 12 Rotation of a Rigid Body
  429. 12.1 Rotational Motion
  430. Brief Review of Rotational Kinematics
  431. 12.2 Rotation About the Center of Mass
  432. Finding the Center of Mass by Integration
  433. 12.3 Rotational Energy
  434. 12.4 Calculating Moment of Inertia
  435. The Parallel-Axis Theorem
  436. 12.5 Torque
  437. Interpreting Torque
  438. Net Torque
  439. Gravitational Torque
  440. 12.6 Rotational Dynamics
  441. 12.7 Rotation About a Fixed Axis
  442. Constraints Due to Ropes and Pulleys
  443. The Constant-Torque Model
  444. 12.8 Static Equilibrium
  445. Balance and Stability
  446. 12.9 Rolling Motion
  447. Kinetic Energy of a Rolling Object
  448. The Great Downhill Race
  449. 12.10 The Vector Description of Rotational Motion
  450. The Angular Velocity Vector
  451. The Cross Product of Two Vectors
  452. Torque
  453. 12.11 Angular Momentum
  454. Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body
  455. Conservation of Angular Momentum
  456. Angular Momentum and Angular Velocity
  457. 12.12 Advanced Topic Precession of a Gyroscope
  458. Summary
  459. General Principles
  460. Solving Rotational Dynamics Problems
  461. Conservation Laws
  462. Important Concepts
  463. Applications
  464. Terms and Notation
  465. Conceptual Questions
  466. Exercises and Problems
  467. Exercises
  468. Section 12.1 Rotational Motion
  469. Section 12.2 Rotation About the Center of Mass
  470. Section 12.3 Rotational Energy
  471. Section 12.4 Calculating Moment of Inertia
  472. Section 12.5 Torque
  473. Section 12.6 Rotational Dynamics
  474. Section 12.7 Rotation About a Fixed Axis
  475. Section 12.8 Static Equilibrium
  476. Section 12.9 Rolling Motion
  477. Section 12.10 The Vector Description of Rotational Motion
  478. Section 12.11 Angular Momentum
  479. Section 12.12 Precession of a Gyroscope
  480. Problems
  481. Challenge Problems
  482. 13 Newton’s Theory of Gravity
  483. 13.1 A Little History
  484. Tycho and Kepler
  485. 13.2 Isaac Newton
  486. 13.3 Newton’s Law of Gravity
  487. Gravitational Force and Weight
  488. The Principle of Equivalence
  489. Newton’s Theory of Gravity
  490. 13.4 Little g and Big G
  491. Decrease of g with Distance
  492. Weighing the Earth
  493. 13.5 Gravitational Potential Energy
  494. The Flat-Earth Approximation
  495. 13.6 Satellite Orbits and Energies
  496. Kepler’s Third Law
  497. Kepler’s Second Law
  498. Orbital Energetics
  499. Summary
  500. General Principles
  501. Newton’s Theory of Gravity
  502. Important Concepts
  503. Conservation of angular momentum
  504. Orbital energetics
  505. Applications
  506. Terms and Notation
  507. Conceptual Questions
  508. Exercises and Problems
  509. Exercises
  510. Section 13.3 Newton’s Law of Gravity
  511. Section 13.4 Little g and Big G
  512. Section 13.5 Gravitational Potential Energy
  513. Section 13.6 Satellite Orbits and Energies
  514. Problems
  515. Challenge Problems
  516. 14 Fluids and Elasticity
  517. 14.1 Fluids
  518. Volume and Density
  519. 14.2 Pressure
  520. Causes of Pressure
  521. Pressure in Gases
  522. Atmospheric Pressure
  523. Pressure in Liquids
  524. 14.3 Measuring and Using Pressure
  525. Solving Hydrostatic Problems
  526. Manometers and Barometers
  527. Pressure Units
  528. Blood Pressure
  529. The Hydraulic Lift
  530. 14.4 Buoyancy
  531. Float or Sink?
  532. Boats
  533. 14.5 Fluid Dynamics
  534. The Equation of Continuity
  535. Bernoulli’s Equation
  536. Two Applications
  537. 14.6 Elasticity
  538. Tensile Stress and Young’s Modulus
  539. Volume Stress and the Bulk Modulus
  540. Summary
  541. General Principles
  542. Fluid Statics
  543. Gases
  544. Liquids
  545. Fluid Dynamics
  546. Ideal-fluid model
  547. Important Concepts
  548. Equation of continuity
  549. Bernoulli’s equation
  550. Applications
  551. Archimedes’ principle
  552. Terms and Notation
  553. Conceptual Questions
  554. Exercises and Problems
  555. Exercises
  556. Section 14.1 Fluids
  557. Section 14.2 Pressure
  558. Section 14.3 Measuring and Using Pressure
  559. Section 14.4 Buoyancy
  560. Section 14.5 Fluid Dynamics
  561. Section 14.6 Elasticity
  562. Problems
  563. Challenge Problems
  564. Part III Knowledge Structure Applications of Newtonian Mechanics
  565. Key Findings What are the overarching findings of Part III?
  566. Laws What laws of physics govern these applications?
  567. Models What are the most important models of Part III?
  568. Rotation models
  569. Fluid models
  570. Tools What are the most important tools introduced in Part III?
  571. Rotation
  572. Gravity
  573. Fluids
  574. Part IV Oscillations and Waves
  575. 15 Oscillations
  576. 15.1 Simple Harmonic Motion
  577. Kinematics of Simple Harmonic Motion
  578. 15.2 SHM and Circular Motion
  579. Initial Conditions: The Phase Constant
  580. 15.3 Energy in SHM
  581. Conservation of Energy
  582. 15.4 The Dynamics of SHM
  583. Solving the Equation of Motion
  584. 15.5 Vertical Oscillations
  585. 15.6 The Pendulum
  586. The Small-Angle Approximation
  587. The Simple-Harmonic-Motion Model
  588. The Physical Pendulum
  589. 15.7 Damped Oscillations
  590. Lightly Damped Oscillators
  591. 15.8 Driven Oscillations and Resonance
  592. Summary
  593. General Principles
  594. Dynamics
  595. Horizontal spring
  596. Vertical spring
  597. Simple pendulum
  598. Physical pendulum
  599. Energy
  600. Important Concepts
  601. Frequency
  602. Angular frequency
  603. Applications
  604. Resonance
  605. Damping
  606. Terms and Notation
  607. Conceptual Questions
  608. Exercises and Problems
  609. Exercises
  610. Section 15.1 Simple Harmonic Motion
  611. Section 15.2 SHM and Circular Motion
  612. Section 15.3 Energy in SHM
  613. Section 15.4 The Dynamics of SHM
  614. Section 15.5 Vertical Oscillations
  615. Section 15.6 The Pendulum
  616. Section 15.7 Damped Oscillations
  617. Section 15.8 Driven Oscillations and Resonance
  618. Problems
  619. Challenge Problems
  620. 16 Traveling Waves
  621. 16.1 An Introduction to Waves
  622. Wave Speed
  623. 16.2 One-Dimensional Waves
  624. Longitudinal Waves
  625. The Displacement
  626. 16.3 Sinusoidal Waves
  627. The Fundamental Relationship for Sinusoidal Waves
  628. The Mathematics of Sinusoidal Waves
  629. The Velocity of a Particle in the Medium
  630. 16.4 Advanced Topic The Wave Equation on a String
  631. Traveling Wave Solutions
  632. 16.5 Sound and Light
  633. Sound Waves
  634. Electromagnetic Waves
  635. The Index of Refraction
  636. The Wave Model
  637. 16.6 Advanced Topic The Wave Equation in a Fluid
  638. Predicting the Speed of Sound
  639. 16.7 Waves in Two and Three Dimensions
  640. Phase and Phase Difference
  641. 16.8 Power, Intensity, and Decibels
  642. Sound Intensity Level
  643. 16.9 The Doppler Effect
  644. A Stationary Source and a Moving Observer
  645. The Doppler Effect for Light Waves
  646. Summary
  647. General Principles
  648. The Wave Model
  649. Important Concepts
  650. Applications
  651. Terms and Notation
  652. Conceptual Questions
  653. Exercises and Problems
  654. Exercises
  655. Section 16.1 An Introduction to Waves
  656. Section 16.2 One-Dimensional Waves
  657. Section 16.3 Sinusoidal Waves
  658. Section 16.4 The Wave Equation on a String
  659. Section 16.5 Sound and Light
  660. Section 16.6 The Wave Equation in a Fluid
  661. Section 16.7 Waves in Two and Three Dimensions
  662. Section 16.8 Power, Intensity, and Decibels
  663. Section 16.9 The Doppler Effect
  664. Problems
  665. Challenge Problems
  666. 17 Superposition
  667. 17.1 The Principle of Superposition
  668. 17.2 Standing Waves
  669. Nodes and Antinodes
  670. The Mathematics of Standing Waves
  671. 17.3 Standing Waves on a String
  672. Creating Standing Waves
  673. Standing Electromagnetic Waves
  674. 17.4 Standing Sound Waves and Musical Acoustics
  675. Tubes with Openings
  676. Musical Instruments
  677. 17.5 Interference in One Dimension
  678. The Phase Difference
  679. 17.6 The Mathematics of Interference
  680. Application: Thin-Film Optical Coatings
  681. 17.7 Interference in Two and Three Dimensions
  682. Identical Sources
  683. A Problem-Solving Strategy for Interference Problems
  684. 17.8 Beats
  685. Summary
  686. General Principles
  687. Principle of Superposition
  688. Important Concepts
  689. Standing Waves
  690. Solving Interference Problems
  691. Applications
  692. Terms and Notation
  693. Conceptual Questions
  694. Exercises and Problems
  695. Exercises
  696. Section 17.1 The Principle of Superposition
  697. Section 17.2 Standing Waves
  698. Section 17.3 Standing Waves on a String
  699. Section 17.4 Standing Sound Waves and Musical Acoustics
  700. Section 17.5 Interference in One Dimension
  701. Section 17.6 The Mathematics of Interference
  702. Section 17.7 Interference in Two and Three Dimensions
  703. Section 17.8 Beats
  704. Problems
  705. Challenge Problems
  706. Part IV Knowledge Structure Oscillations and Waves
  707. Key Findings What are the overarching findings of Part IV?
  708. Laws What laws of physics govern oscillations and waves?
  709. Models What are the most important models of Part IV?
  710. Simple harmonic motion
  711. Waves
  712. Tools What are the most important tools introduced in Part IV?
  713. Part V Thermodynamics
  714. 18 A Macroscopic Description of Matter
  715. 18.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases
  716. State Variables
  717. 18.2 Atoms and Moles
  718. Atomic Mass and Atomic Mass Number
  719. Moles and Molar Mass
  720. 18.3 Temperature
  721. Absolute Zero and Absolute Temperature
  722. 18.4 Thermal Expansion
  723. 18.5 Phase Changes
  724. Phase Diagrams
  725. 18.6 Ideal Gases
  726. The Ideal-Gas Law
  727. 18.7 Ideal-Gas Processes
  728. The pV Diagram
  729. Quasi-Static Processes
  730. Constant-Volume Process
  731. Constant-Pressure Process
  732. Constant-Temperature Process
  733. Summary
  734. General Principles
  735. Three Common Phases of Matter
  736. Important Concepts
  737. Ideal-Gas Model
  738. Ideal-Gas Law
  739. Counting atoms and moles
  740. Applications
  741. Terms and Notation
  742. Conceptual Questions
  743. Exercises and Problems
  744. Exercises
  745. Section 18.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases
  746. Section 18.2 Atoms and Moles
  747. Section 18.3 Temperature
  748. Section 18.4 Thermal Expansion
  749. Section 18.5 Phase Changes
  750. Section 18.6 Ideal Gases
  751. Section 18.7 Ideal-Gas Processes
  752. Problems
  753. Challenge Problems
  754. 19 Work, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics
  755. 19.1 It’s All About Energy
  756. Energy Transfer
  757. The Missing Piece: Heat
  758. 19.2 Work in Ideal-Gas Processes
  759. Isochoric Process
  760. Isobaric Process
  761. Isothermal Process
  762. Work Depends on the Path
  763. 19.3 Heat
  764. Thermal Interactions
  765. Units of Heat
  766. Heat, Temperature, and Thermal Energy
  767. 19.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
  768. Three Special Ideal-Gas Processes
  769. 19.5 Thermal Properties of Matter
  770. Temperature Change and Specific Heat
  771. Phase Change and Heat of Transformation
  772. 19.6 Calorimetry
  773. 19.7 The Specific Heats of Gases
  774. CP and CV
  775. Heat Depends on the Path
  776. Adiabatic Processes
  777. Proof of Equation 19.35
  778. 19.8 Heat-Transfer Mechanisms
  779. Conduction
  780. Convection
  781. Radiation
  782. Summary
  783. General Principles
  784. First Law of Thermodynamics
  785. Energy
  786. Thermal energy Eth
  787. Work W
  788. Heat Q
  789. Important Concepts
  790. Solving Problems of Work on an Ideal Gas
  791. Solving Calorimetry Problems
  792. Summary of Basic Gas Processes
  793. Terms and Notation
  794. Conceptual Questions
  795. Exercises and Problems
  796. Exercises
  797. Section 19.1 It’s All About Energy
  798. Section 19.2 Work in Ideal-Gas Processes
  799. Section 19.3 Heat
  800. Section 19.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
  801. Section 19.5 Thermal Properties of Matter
  802. Section 19.6 Calorimetry
  803. Section 19.7 The Specific Heats of Gases
  804. Section 19.8 Heat-Transfer Mechanisms
  805. Problems
  806. Challenge Problems
  807. 20 The Micro/Macro Connection
  808. 20.1 Molecular Speeds and Collisions
  809. Mean Free Path
  810. 20.2 Pressure in a Gas
  811. Force Due to Collisions
  812. The Root-Mean-Square Speed
  813. 20.3 Temperature
  814. 20.4 Thermal Energy and Specific Heat
  815. Monatomic Gases
  816. The Equipartition Theorem
  817. Solids
  818. Diatomic Molecules
  819. 20.5 Thermal Interactions and Heat
  820. The Systems Exchange Energy
  821. 20.6 Irreversible Processes and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
  822. Which Way to Equilibrium?
  823. Order, Disorder, and Entropy
  824. The Second Law of Thermodynamics
  825. Summary
  826. General Principles
  827. The Equipartition Theorem
  828. The Second Law of Thermodynamics
  829. Important Concepts
  830. Applications
  831. Terms and Notation
  832. Conceptual Questions
  833. Exercises and Problems
  834. Exercises
  835. Section 20.1 Molecular Speeds and Collisions
  836. Section 20.2 Pressure in a Gas
  837. Section 20.3 Temperature
  838. Section 20.4 Thermal Energy and Specific Heat
  839. Section 20.5 Thermal Interactions and Heat
  840. Section 20.6 Irreversible Processes and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
  841. Problems
  842. Challenge Problems
  843. 21 Heat Engines and Refrigerators
  844. 21.1 Turning Heat into Work
  845. Work Done by the System
  846. Energy-Transfer Diagrams
  847. Work into Heat and Heat into Work
  848. 21.2 Heat Engines and Refrigerators
  849. A Heat-Engine Example
  850. Refrigerators
  851. No Perfect Heat Engines
  852. 21.3 Ideal-Gas Heat Engines
  853. Ideal-Gas Summary
  854. A Strategy for Heat-Engine Problems
  855. The Brayton Cycle
  856. 21.4 Ideal-Gas Refrigerators
  857. 21.5 The Limits of Efficiency
  858. A Perfectly Reversible Engine Has Maximum Efficiency
  859. Conditions for a Perfectly Reversible Engine
  860. 21.6 The Carnot Cycle
  861. Designing a Carnot Engine
  862. The Maximum Efficiency
  863. Summary
  864. General Principles
  865. Heat Engines
  866. Thermal efficiency
  867. Refrigerators
  868. Coefficient of performance
  869. Important Concepts
  870. Applications
  871. Terms and Notation
  872. Conceptual Questions
  873. Exercises and Problems
  874. Exercises
  875. Section 21.1 Turning Heat into Work
  876. Section 21.2 Heat Engines and Refrigerators
  877. Section 21.3 Ideal-Gas Heat Engines
  878. Section 21.4 Ideal-Gas Refrigerators
  879. Section 21.5 The Limits of Efficiency
  880. Section 21.6 The Carnot Cycle
  881. Problems
  882. Challenge Problems
  883. Part V Knowledge Structure Thermodynamics
  884. Key Findings What are the overarching findings of Part V?
  885. Laws What laws of physics govern thermodynamics?
  886. Models What are the most important models of Part V?
  887. Thermodynamic energy model
  888. Ideal-gas model
  889. Phases of matter
  890. Carnot engine
  891. Tools What are the most important tools introduced in Part V?
  892. pV diagrams show
  893. Four fundamental gas processes
  894. Work in gas processes
  895. Heat and thermal energy
  896. Heat is transferred by
  897. Heating and cooling
  898. Heat engines and refrigerators
  899. Part VI Electricity and Magnetism
  900. 22 Electric Charges and Forces
  901. 22.1 The Charge Model
  902. Experimenting with Charges
  903. Electric Properties of Materials
  904. 22.2 Charge
  905. Atoms and Electricity
  906. The Micro/Macro Connection
  907. Charge Conservation and Charge Diagrams
  908. 22.3 Insulators and Conductors
  909. Charging
  910. Discharging
  911. Charge Polarization
  912. The Electric Dipole
  913. Charging by Induction
  914. 22.4 Coulomb’s Law
  915. Units of Charge
  916. Using Coulomb’s Law
  917. 22.5 The Electric Field
  918. The Concept of a Field
  919. The Field Model
  920. The Electric Field of a Point Charge
  921. Unit Vector Notation
  922. Summary
  923. General Principles
  924. Coulomb’s Law
  925. Important Concepts
  926. The Charge Model
  927. The Field Model
  928. Terms and Notation
  929. Conceptual Questions
  930. Exercises and Problems
  931. Exercises
  932. Section 22.1 The Charge Model
  933. Section 22.2 Charge
  934. Section 22.3 Insulators and Conductors
  935. Section 22.4 Coulomb’s Law
  936. Section 22.5 The Electric Field
  937. Problems
  938. Challenge Problems
  939. 23 The Electric Field
  940. 23.1 Electric Field Models
  941. 23.2 The Electric Field of Point Charges
  942. Multiple Point Charges
  943. Limiting Cases
  944. The Electric Field of a Dipole
  945. Electric Field Lines
  946. 23.3 The Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution
  947. Integration Is Summation
  948. A Problem-Solving Strategy
  949. An Infinite Line of Charge
  950. 23.4 The Electric Fields of Rings, Disks, Planes, and Spheres
  951. A Disk of Charge
  952. Limiting Cases
  953. A Plane of Charge
  954. A Sphere of Charge
  955. 23.5 The Parallel-Plate Capacitor
  956. Uniform Electric Fields
  957. 23.6 Motion of a Charged Particle in an Electric Field
  958. Motion in a Uniform Field
  959. 23.7 Motion of a Dipole in an Electric Field
  960. Dipoles in a Uniform Field
  961. Dipoles in a Nonuniform Field
  962. Summary
  963. General Principles
  964. Sources of
  965. Multiple point charges
  966. Continuous distribution of charge
  967. Consequences of
  968. Applications
  969. Four Key Electric Field Models
  970. Electric dipole
  971. Parallel-plate capacitor
  972. Terms and Notation
  973. Conceptual Questions
  974. Exercises and Problems
  975. Exercises
  976. Section 23.2 The Electric Field of Point Charges
  977. Section 23.3 The Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution
  978. Section 23.4 The Electric Fields of Rings, Disks, Planes, and Spheres
  979. Section 23.5 The Parallel-Plate Capacitor
  980. Section 23.6 Motion of a Charged Particle in an Electric Field
  981. Section 23.7 Motion of a Dipole in an Electric Field
  982. Problems
  983. Challenge Problems
  984. 24 Gauss’s Law
  985. 24.1 Symmetry
  986. What Good Is Symmetry?
  987. Three Fundamental Symmetries
  988. 24.2 The Concept of Flux
  989. 24.3 Calculating Electric Flux
  990. The Basic Definition of Flux
  991. The Electric Flux of a Nonuniform Electric Field
  992. The Flux Through a Curved Surface
  993. The Electric Flux Through a Closed Surface
  994. 24.4 Gauss’s Law
  995. Electric Flux Is Independent of Surface Shape and Radius
  996. Charge Outside the Surface
  997. Multiple Charges
  998. What Does Gauss’s Law Tell Us?
  999. 24.5 Using Gauss’s Law
  1000. 24.6 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
  1001. At the Surface of a Conductor
  1002. Charges and Fields Within a Conductor
  1003. Summary
  1004. General Principles
  1005. Gauss’s Law
  1006. Symmetry
  1007. Important Concepts
  1008. Applications
  1009. Conductors in electrostatic equilibrium
  1010. Terms and Notation
  1011. Conceptual Questions
  1012. Exercises and Problems
  1013. Exercises
  1014. Section 24.1 Symmetry
  1015. Section 24.2 The Concept of Flux
  1016. Section 24.3 Calculating Electric Flux
  1017. Section 24.4 Gauss’s Law
  1018. Section 24.5 Using Gauss’s Law
  1019. Section 24.6 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
  1020. Problems
  1021. Challenge Problems
  1022. 25 The Electric Potential
  1023. 25.1 Electric Potential Energy
  1024. A Gravitational Analogy
  1025. A Uniform Electric Field
  1026. 25.2 The Potential Energy of Point Charges
  1027. Charged-Particle Interactions
  1028. The Electric Force Is a Conservative Force
  1029. Multiple Point Charges
  1030. 25.3 The Potential Energy of a Dipole
  1031. 25.4 The Electric Potential
  1032. Using the Electric Potential
  1033. 25.5 The Electric Potential Inside a Parallel-Plate Capacitor
  1034. Visualizing Electric Potential
  1035. 25.6 The Electric Potential of a Point Charge
  1036. Visualizing the Potential of a Point Charge
  1037. The Electric Potential of a Charged Sphere
  1038. 25.7 The Electric Potential of Many Charges
  1039. A Continuous Distribution of Charge
  1040. Summary
  1041. General Principles
  1042. Sources of Potential
  1043. For multiple point charges
  1044. For a continuous distribution of charge
  1045. Electric Potential Energy
  1046. Point charges and dipoles
  1047. Solving conservation of energy problems
  1048. Applications
  1049. Terms and Notation
  1050. Conceptual Questions
  1051. Exercises and Problems
  1052. Exercises
  1053. Section 25.1 Electric Potential Energy
  1054. Section 25.2 The Potential Energy of Point Charges
  1055. Section 25.3 The Potential Energy of a Dipole
  1056. Section 25.4 The Electric Potential
  1057. Section 25.5 The Electric Potential Inside a Parallel-Plate Capacitor
  1058. Section 25.6 The Electric Potential of a Point Charge
  1059. Section 25.7 The Electric Potential of Many Charges
  1060. Problems
  1061. Challenge Problems
  1062. 26 Potential and Field
  1063. 26.1 Connecting Potential and Field
  1064. 26.2 Finding the Electric Field from the Potential
  1065. Field Parallel to a Coordinate Axis
  1066. The Geometry of Potential and Field
  1067. Kirchhoff’s Loop Law
  1068. 26.3 A Conductor in Electrostatic Equilibrium
  1069. 26.4 Sources of Electric Potential
  1070. Batteries and emf
  1071. Batteries in Series
  1072. 26.5 Capacitance and Capacitors
  1073. The Parallel-Plate Capacitor
  1074. Charging a Capacitor
  1075. Combinations of Capacitors
  1076. 26.6 The Energy Stored in a Capacitor
  1077. The Energy in the Electric Field
  1078. 26.7 Dielectrics
  1079. Inserting a Dielectric into a Capacitor
  1080. Summary
  1081. General Principles
  1082. Connecting V and
  1083. The Geometry of Potential and Field
  1084. Conservation of Energy
  1085. Important Concepts
  1086. Applications
  1087. Terms and Notation
  1088. Conceptual Questions
  1089. Exercises and Problems
  1090. Exercises
  1091. Section 26.1 Connecting Potential and Field
  1092. Section 26.2 Finding the Electric Field from the Potential
  1093. Section 26.4 Sources of Electric Potential
  1094. Section 26.5 Capacitance and Capacitors
  1095. Section 26.6 The Energy Stored in a Capacitor
  1096. Section 26.7 Dielectrics
  1097. Problems
  1098. Challenge Problems
  1099. 27 Current and Resistance
  1100. 27.1 The Electron Current
  1101. Charge Carriers
  1102. Discharging a Capacitor
  1103. 27.2 Creating a Current
  1104. Establishing the Electric Field in a Wire
  1105. A Model of Conduction
  1106. 27.3 Current and Current Density
  1107. The Current Density in a Wire
  1108. Charge Conservation and Current
  1109. 27.4 Conductivity and Resistivity
  1110. Superconductivity
  1111. 27.5 Resistance and Ohm’s Law
  1112. Batteries and Current
  1113. Resistors and Ohmic Materials
  1114. Summary
  1115. General Principles
  1116. Conservation of Charge
  1117. Electron current
  1118. Conventional current
  1119. Current density
  1120. Important Concepts
  1121. Applications
  1122. Terms and Notation
  1123. Conceptual Questions
  1124. Exercises and Problems
  1125. Exercises
  1126. Section 27.1 The Electron Current
  1127. Section 27.2 Creating a Current
  1128. Section 27.3 Current and Current Density
  1129. Section 27.4 Conductivity and Resistivity
  1130. Section 27.5 Resistance and Ohm’s Law
  1131. Problems
  1132. Challenge Problems
  1133. 28 Fundamentals of Circuits
  1134. 28.1 Circuit Elements and Diagrams
  1135. 28.2 Kirchhoff’s Laws and the Basic Circuit
  1136. The Basic Circuit
  1137. 28.3 Energy and Power
  1138. Energy Dissipation in Resistors
  1139. Kilowatt Hours
  1140. 28.4 Series Resistors
  1141. Ammeters
  1142. 28.5 Real Batteries
  1143. A Short Circuit
  1144. 28.6 Parallel Resistors
  1145. Voltmeters
  1146. 28.7 Resistor Circuits
  1147. 28.8 Getting Grounded
  1148. 28.9 RC Circuits
  1149. Charging a Capacitor
  1150. Summary
  1151. General Strategy
  1152. Solving Circuit Problems
  1153. Kirchhoff’s loop law
  1154. Kirchhoff’s junction law
  1155. Important Concepts
  1156. Applications
  1157. Equivalent resistance
  1158. Series resistors
  1159. Parallel resistors
  1160. RC circuits
  1161. Terms and Notation
  1162. Conceptual Questions
  1163. Exercises and Problems
  1164. Exercises
  1165. Section 28.1 Circuit Elements and Diagrams
  1166. Section 28.2 Kirchhoff’s Laws and the Basic Circuit
  1167. Section 28.3 Energy and Power
  1168. Section 28.4 Series Resistors
  1169. Section 28.5 Real Batteries
  1170. Section 28.6 Parallel Resistors
  1171. Section 28.8 Getting Grounded
  1172. Section 28.9 RC Circuits
  1173. Problems
  1174. Challenge Problems
  1175. 29 The Magnetic Field
  1176. 29.1 Magnetism
  1177. Compasses and Geomagnetism
  1178. 29.2 The Discovery of the Magnetic Field
  1179. The Magnetic Field
  1180. Two Kinds of Magnetism?
  1181. 29.3 The Source of the Magnetic Field: Moving Charges
  1182. Superposition
  1183. The Vector Cross Product
  1184. 29.4 The Magnetic Field of a Current
  1185. 29.5 Magnetic Dipoles
  1186. A Current Loop Is a Magnetic Dipole
  1187. The Magnetic Dipole Moment
  1188. 29.6 Ampère’s Law and Solenoids
  1189. Line Integrals
  1190. Ampère’s Law
  1191. The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
  1192. 29.7 The Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge
  1193. Magnetic Force
  1194. Cyclotron Motion
  1195. The Cyclotron
  1196. The Hall Effect
  1197. 29.8 Magnetic Forces on Current-Carrying Wires
  1198. Force Between Two Parallel Wires
  1199. 29.9 Forces and Torques on Current Loops
  1200. An Electric Motor
  1201. 29.10 Magnetic Properties of Matter
  1202. Atomic Magnets
  1203. The Electron Spin
  1204. Ferromagnetism
  1205. Induced Magnetic Dipoles
  1206. Summary
  1207. General Principles
  1208. Magnetic Fields
  1209. Magnetic field of a current
  1210. Magnetic Forces
  1211. Applications
  1212. Terms and Notation
  1213. Conceptual Questions
  1214. Exercises and Problems
  1215. Exercises
  1216. Section 29.3 The Source of the Magnetic Field: Moving Charges
  1217. Section 29.4 The Magnetic Field of a Current
  1218. Section 29.5 Magnetic Dipoles
  1219. Section 29.6 Ampère’s Law and Solenoids
  1220. Section 29.7 The Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge
  1221. Section 29.8 Magnetic Forces on Current-Carrying Wires
  1222. Section 29.9 Forces and Torques on Current Loops
  1223. Problems
  1224. Challenge Problems
  1225. 30 Electromagnetic Induction
  1226. 30.1 Induced Currents
  1227. 30.2 Motional emf
  1228. Induced Current in a Circuit
  1229. Energy Considerations
  1230. Eddy Currents
  1231. 30.3 Magnetic Flux
  1232. Magnetic Flux in a Nonuniform Field
  1233. 30.4 Lenz’s Law
  1234. Using Lenz’s Law
  1235. 30.5 Faraday’s Law
  1236. Using Faraday’s Law
  1237. What Does Faraday’s Law Tell Us?
  1238. 30.6 Induced Fields
  1239. Calculating the Induced Field
  1240. Maxwell’s Theory of Electromagnetic Waves
  1241. 30.7 Induced Currents: Three Applications
  1242. Generators
  1243. Transformers
  1244. Metal Detectors
  1245. 30.8 Inductors
  1246. The Potential Difference Across an Inductor
  1247. Energy in Inductors and Magnetic Fields
  1248. 30.9 LC Circuits
  1249. 30.10 LR Circuits
  1250. Summary
  1251. General Principles
  1252. Lenz’s Law
  1253. Faraday’s Law
  1254. Using Electromagnetic Induction
  1255. Important Concepts
  1256. Applications
  1257. Terms and Notation
  1258. Conceptual Questions
  1259. Exercises and Problems
  1260. Exercises
  1261. Section 30.2 Motional emf
  1262. Section 30.3 Magnetic Flux
  1263. Section 30.4 Lenz’s Law
  1264. Section 30.5 Faraday’s Law
  1265. Section 30.6 Induced Fields
  1266. Section 30.7 Induced Currents: Three Applications
  1267. Section 30.8 Inductors
  1268. Section 30.9 LC Circuits
  1269. Section 30.10 LR Circuits
  1270. Problems
  1271. Challenge Problems
  1272. 31 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves
  1273. 31.1 E or B? It Depends on Your Perspective
  1274. Reference Frames
  1275. The Transformation of Electric and Magnetic Fields
  1276. Almost Relativity
  1277. Faraday’s Law Revisited
  1278. 31.2 The Field Laws Thus Far
  1279. 31.3 The Displacement Current
  1280. Something Is Missing
  1281. The Induced Magnetic Field
  1282. 31.4 Maxwell’s Equations
  1283. 31.5 Advanced Topic Electromagnetic Waves
  1284. The Structure of Electromagnetic Waves
  1285. Faraday’s Law
  1286. The Ampère-Maxwell Law
  1287. The Wave Equation
  1288. Connecting E and B
  1289. 31.6 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves
  1290. Energy and Intensity
  1291. Radiation Pressure
  1292. Antennas
  1293. 31.7 Polarization
  1294. Malus’s Law
  1295. Summary
  1296. General Principles
  1297. Maxwell’s Equations
  1298. Lorentz Force
  1299. Field Transformations
  1300. Important Concepts
  1301. Applications
  1302. Terms and Notation
  1303. Conceptual Questions
  1304. Exercises and Problems
  1305. Exercises
  1306. Section 31.1 E or B? It Depends on Your Perspective
  1307. Section 31.2 The Field Laws Thus Far
  1308. Section 31.3 The Displacement Current
  1309. Section 31.5 Electromagnetic Waves
  1310. Section 31.6 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves
  1311. Section 31.7 Polarization
  1312. Problems
  1313. Challenge Problems
  1314. 32 AC Circuits
  1315. 32.1 AC Sources and Phasors
  1316. Resistor Circuits
  1317. 32.2 Capacitor Circuits
  1318. Capacitive Reactance
  1319. 32.3 RC Filter Circuits
  1320. Frequency Dependence
  1321. Filters
  1322. 32.4 Inductor Circuits
  1323. 32.5 The Series RLC Circuit
  1324. Impedance
  1325. Phase Angle
  1326. Resonance
  1327. 32.6 Power in AC Circuits
  1328. Resistors
  1329. Capacitors and Inductors
  1330. The Power Factor
  1331. Summary
  1332. Important Concepts
  1333. Basic circuit elements
  1334. Key Skills
  1335. Using phasor diagrams
  1336. Instantaneous and peak quantities
  1337. Applications
  1338. RC filter circuits
  1339. Series RLC circuits
  1340. Terms and Notation
  1341. Conceptual Questions
  1342. Exercises and Problems
  1343. Exercises
  1344. Section 32.1 AC Sources and Phasors
  1345. Section 32.2 Capacitor Circuits
  1346. Section 32.3 RC Filter Circuits
  1347. Section 32.4 Inductor Circuits
  1348. Section 32.5 The Series RLC Circuit
  1349. Section 32.6 Power in AC Circuits
  1350. Problems
  1351. Challenge Problems
  1352. Part VI Knowledge Structure Electricity and Magnetism
  1353. Key Findings What are the overarching findings of Part VI?
  1354. Laws What laws of physics govern electricity and magnetism?
  1355. Models What are the most important models of electricity and magnetism?
  1356. Charge model
  1357. Electric field model
  1358. Magnetic field models
  1359. Electromagnetic waves
  1360. Tools What are the most important tools introduced in Part VI?
  1361. Electric potential and potential energy
  1362. Circuits
  1363. Uniform fields
  1364. Induced currents
  1365. Part VII Optics
  1366. 33 Wave Optics
  1367. 33.1 Models of Light
  1368. Three Views
  1369. 33.2 The Interference of Light
  1370. A Brief Review of Interference
  1371. Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
  1372. Analyzing Double-Slit Interference
  1373. Positions of the Fringes
  1374. Intensity of the Double-Slit Interference Pattern
  1375. 33.3 The Diffraction Grating
  1376. Reflection Gratings
  1377. 33.4 Single-Slit Diffraction
  1378. Huygens’ Principle
  1379. Analyzing Single-Slit Diffraction
  1380. The Width of a Single-Slit Diffraction Pattern
  1381. 33.5 Advanced Topic A Closer Look at Diffraction
  1382. The Single Slit Revisited
  1383. The Complete Double-Slit Intensity
  1384. 33.6 Circular-Aperture Diffraction
  1385. 33.7 The Wave Model of Light
  1386. 33.8 Interferometers
  1387. The Michelson Interferometer
  1388. Holography
  1389. Summary
  1390. General Principles
  1391. Important Concepts
  1392. Applications
  1393. Terms and Notation
  1394. Conceptual Questions
  1395. Exercises and Problems
  1396. Exercises
  1397. Section 33.2 The Interference of Light
  1398. Section 33.3 The Diffraction Grating
  1399. Section 33.4 Single-Slit Diffraction
  1400. Section 33.5 A Closer Look at Diffraction
  1401. Section 33.6 Circular-Aperture Diffraction
  1402. Section 33.8 Interferometers
  1403. Problems
  1404. Challenge Problems
  1405. 34 Ray Optics
  1406. 34.1 The Ray Model of Light
  1407. Objects
  1408. Ray Diagrams
  1409. Apertures
  1410. 34.2 Reflection
  1411. Diffuse Reflection
  1412. The Plane Mirror
  1413. 34.3 Refraction
  1414. The Index of Refraction
  1415. Examples of Refraction
  1416. Total Internal Reflection
  1417. Fiber Optics
  1418. 34.4 Image Formation by Refraction at a Plane Surface
  1419. 34.5 Thin Lenses: Ray Tracing
  1420. Converging Lenses
  1421. Real Images
  1422. Lateral Magnification
  1423. Virtual Images
  1424. Diverging Lenses
  1425. 34.6 Thin Lenses: Refraction Theory
  1426. Lenses
  1427. Thin-Lens Image Formation
  1428. 34.7 Image Formation with Spherical Mirrors
  1429. Concave Mirrors
  1430. Convex Mirrors
  1431. The Mirror Equation
  1432. Summary
  1433. General Principles
  1434. Reflection
  1435. Refraction
  1436. Important Concepts
  1437. The ray model of light
  1438. Image formation
  1439. Applications
  1440. Ray tracing
  1441. Thin lenses
  1442. Spherical mirrors
  1443. Terms and Notation
  1444. Conceptual Questions
  1445. Exercises and Problems
  1446. Exercises
  1447. Section 34.1 The Ray Model of Light
  1448. Section 34.2 Reflection
  1449. Section 34.3 Refraction
  1450. Section 34.4 Image Formation by Refraction at a Plane Surface
  1451. Section 34.5 Thin Lenses: Ray Tracing
  1452. Section 34.6 Thin Lenses: Refraction Theory
  1453. Section 34.7 Image Formation with Spherical Mirrors
  1454. Problems
  1455. Challenge Problems
  1456. 35 Optical Instruments
  1457. 35.1 Lenses in Combination
  1458. 35.2 The Camera
  1459. Zoom Lenses
  1460. Controlling the Exposure
  1461. The Detector
  1462. 35.3 Vision
  1463. Focusing and Accommodation
  1464. Vision Defects and Their Correction
  1465. 35.4 Optical Systems That Magnify
  1466. The Microscope
  1467. The Telescope
  1468. 35.5 Color and Dispersion
  1469. Color
  1470. Dispersion
  1471. Rainbows
  1472. Colored Filters and Colored Objects
  1473. Light Scattering: Blue Skies and Red Sunsets
  1474. 35.6 The Resolution of Optical Instruments
  1475. Diffraction Again
  1476. Resolution
  1477. Summary
  1478. Important Concepts
  1479. Lens Combinations
  1480. Resolution
  1481. Applications
  1482. Cameras
  1483. Magnifiers
  1484. Vision
  1485. Microscopes
  1486. Focusing and spatial resolution
  1487. Telescopes
  1488. Terms and Notation
  1489. Conceptual Questions
  1490. Exercises and Problems
  1491. Exercises
  1492. Section 35.1 Lenses in Combination
  1493. Section 35.2 The Camera
  1494. Section 35.3 Vision
  1495. Section 35.4 Optical Systems That Magnify
  1496. Section 35.5 Color and Dispersion
  1497. Section 35.6 The Resolution of Optical Instruments
  1498. Problems
  1499. Challenge Problems
  1500. Part VII Knowledge Structure Optics
  1501. Key Findings What are the overarching findings of Part VII?
  1502. Laws What laws of physics govern optics?
  1503. Models What are the most important models of Part VII?
  1504. Wave model
  1505. Ray model
  1506. Tools What are the most important tools introduced in Part VII?
  1507. Diffraction
  1508. Double-slit interference
  1509. Diffraction gratings
  1510. Ray tracing
  1511. Images
  1512. Thin lenses and mirrors
  1513. Optical instruments
  1514. Vision
  1515. Resolution
  1516. Part VIII Relativity and Quantum Physics
  1517. 36 Relativity
  1518. 36.1 Relativity: What’s It All About?
  1519. What’s Special About Special Relativity?
  1520. 36.2 Galilean Relativity
  1521. Reference Frames
  1522. The Galilean Transformations
  1523. The Galilean Principle of Relativity
  1524. 36.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity
  1525. The Constancy of the Speed of Light
  1526. How Can This Be?
  1527. 36.4 Events and Measurements
  1528. Events
  1529. Measurements
  1530. Clock Synchronization
  1531. Events and Observations
  1532. Simultaneity
  1533. 36.5 The Relativity of Simultaneity
  1534. Resolving the Paradox
  1535. 36.6 Time Dilation
  1536. Proper Time
  1537. Experimental Evidence
  1538. The Twin Paradox
  1539. 36.7 Length Contraction
  1540. Another Paradox?
  1541. The Spacetime Interval
  1542. 36.8 The Lorentz Transformations
  1543. Using Relativity
  1544. Length
  1545. The Binomial Approximation
  1546. The Lorentz Velocity Transformations
  1547. 36.9 Relativistic Momentum
  1548. The Cosmic Speed Limit
  1549. 36.10 Relativistic Energy
  1550. Rest Energy and Total Energy
  1551. Mass-Energy Equivalence
  1552. Conservation of Energy
  1553. Summary
  1554. General Principles
  1555. Principle of Relativity
  1556. Solving Relativity Problems
  1557. Important Concepts
  1558. Space
  1559. Momentum
  1560. Time
  1561. Energy
  1562. Mass-energy equivalence
  1563. Applications
  1564. Terms and Notation
  1565. Conceptual Questions
  1566. Exercises and Problems
  1567. Exercises
  1568. Section 36.2 Galilean Relativity
  1569. Section 36.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity
  1570. Section 36.4 Events and Measurements
  1571. Section 36.5 The Relativity of Simultaneity
  1572. Section 36.6 Time Dilation
  1573. Section 36.7 Length Contraction
  1574. Section 36.8 The Lorentz Transformations
  1575. Section 36.9 Relativistic Momentum
  1576. Section 36.10 Relativistic Energy
  1577. Problems
  1578. Challenge Problems
  1579. 37 The Foundations of Modern Physics
  1580. 37.1 Matter and Light
  1581. 37.2 The Emission and Absorption of Light
  1582. Continuous Spectra and Blackbody Radiation
  1583. Discrete Spectra
  1584. 37.3 Cathode Rays and X Rays
  1585. Crookes Tubes
  1586. X Rays
  1587. 37.4 The Discovery of the Electron
  1588. Thomson’s Crossed-Field Experiment
  1589. The Electron
  1590. 37.5 The Fundamental Unit of Charge
  1591. 37.6 The Discovery of the Nucleus
  1592. The First Nuclear Physics Experiment
  1593. The Electron Volt
  1594. Using the Nuclear Model
  1595. 37.7 Into the Nucleus
  1596. The Neutron
  1597. 37.8 Classical Physics at the Limit
  1598. Summary
  1599. Important Concepts/Experiments
  1600. Cathode Rays and Atomic Structure
  1601. Atomic Spectra and the Nature of Light
  1602. Blackbody Radiation
  1603. Applications
  1604. Terms and Notation
  1605. Conceptual Questions
  1606. Exercises and Problems
  1607. Exercises
  1608. Section 37.2 The Emission and Absorption of Light
  1609. Section 37.3 Cathode Rays and X Rays
  1610. Section 37.4 The Discovery of the Electron
  1611. Section 37.5 The Fundamental Unit of Charge
  1612. Section 37.6 The Discovery of the Nucleus
  1613. Section 37.7 Into the Nucleus
  1614. Problems
  1615. Challenge Problems
  1616. 38 Quantization
  1617. 38.1 The Photoelectric Effect
  1618. Characteristics of the Photoelectric Effect
  1619. Classical Interpretation of the Photoelectric Effect
  1620. The Stopping Potential
  1621. Limits of the Classical Interpretation
  1622. 38.2 Einstein’s Explanation
  1623. Einstein’s Postulates
  1624. A Prediction
  1625. 38.3 Photons
  1626. The Photon Model of Light
  1627. The Photon Rate
  1628. Advanced Topic: Compton Scattering
  1629. 38.4 Matter Waves and Energy Quantization
  1630. Quantization of Energy
  1631. 38.5 Bohr’s Model of Atomic Quantization
  1632. Energy-Level Diagrams
  1633. 38.6 The Bohr Hydrogen Atom
  1634. The Stationary States of the Hydrogen Atom
  1635. Hydrogen Atom Energy Levels
  1636. Binding Energy and Ionization Energy
  1637. Quantization of Angular Momentum
  1638. 38.7 The Hydrogen Spectrum
  1639. The Hydrogen Energy-Level Diagram
  1640. The Emission Spectrum
  1641. Hydrogen-Like Ions
  1642. Success and Failure
  1643. Summary
  1644. General Principles
  1645. Light has particle-like properties
  1646. Matter has wave-like properties
  1647. Important Concepts
  1648. The Photon Model of Light
  1649. Bohr’s Model of the Atom
  1650. Applications
  1651. Photoelectric effect
  1652. Particle in a box
  1653. The Bohr hydrogen atom
  1654. Compton scattering
  1655. Terms and Notation
  1656. Conceptual Questions
  1657. Exercises and Problems
  1658. Exercises
  1659. Section 38.1 The Photoelectric Effect
  1660. Section 38.2 Einstein’s Explanation
  1661. Section 38.3 Photons
  1662. Section 38.4 Matter Waves and Energy Quantization
  1663. Section 38.5 Bohr’s Model of Atomic Quantization
  1664. Section 38.6 The Bohr Hydrogen Atom
  1665. Section 38.7 The Hydrogen Spectrum
  1666. Problems
  1667. Challenge Problems
  1668. 39 Wave Functions and Uncertainty
  1669. 39.1 Waves, Particles, and the Double-Slit Experiment
  1670. A Wave Analysis of Interference
  1671. Probability
  1672. A Photon Analysis of Interference
  1673. 39.2 Connecting the Wave and Photon Views
  1674. Probability Density
  1675. 39.3 The Wave Function
  1676. A Little Science Methodology
  1677. 39.4 Normalization
  1678. 39.5 Wave Packets
  1679. Bandwidth
  1680. Uncertainty
  1681. 39.6 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
  1682. What Does It Mean?
  1683. Summary
  1684. General Principles
  1685. Wave Functions and the Probability Density
  1686. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
  1687. Important Concepts
  1688. Terms and Notation
  1689. Conceptual Questions
  1690. Exercises and Problems
  1691. Exercises
  1692. Section 39.1 Waves, Particles, and the Double-Slit Experiment
  1693. Section 39.2 Connecting the Wave and Photon Views
  1694. Section 39.3 The Wave Function
  1695. Section 39.4 Normalization
  1696. Section 39.5 Wave Packets
  1697. Section 39.6 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
  1698. Problems
  1699. Challenge Problems
  1700. 40 One-Dimensional Quantum Mechanics
  1701. 40.1 The Schrödinger Equation
  1702. Justifying the Schrödinger Equation
  1703. Quantum-Mechanical Models
  1704. 40.2 Solving the Schrödinger Equation
  1705. Restrictions and Boundary Conditions
  1706. Quantization
  1707. Problem Solving in Quantum Mechanics
  1708. 40.3 A Particle in a Rigid Box: Energies and Wave Functions
  1709. Model: Identify a Potential-Energy Function
  1710. Visualize: Establish Boundary Conditions
  1711. Solve I: Find the Wave Functions
  1712. Solve II: Find the Allowed Energies
  1713. Solve III: Normalize the Wave Functions
  1714. 40.4 A Particle in a Rigid Box: Interpreting the Solution
  1715. Zero-Point Motion
  1716. 40.5 The Correspondence Principle
  1717. 40.6 Finite Potential Wells
  1718. The Classically Forbidden Region
  1719. Quantum-Well Devices
  1720. Nuclear Physics
  1721. 40.7 Wave-Function Shapes
  1722. 40.8 The Quantum Harmonic Oscillator
  1723. Molecular Vibrations
  1724. 40.9 More Quantum Models
  1725. A Particle in a Capacitor
  1726. The Covalent Bond
  1727. 40.10 Quantum-Mechanical Tunneling
  1728. The Scanning Tunneling Microscope
  1729. Summary
  1730. General Principles
  1731. The Schrödinger Equation
  1732. Solving Quantum-Mechanics Problems
  1733. Boundary conditions
  1734. Shapes of wave functions
  1735. Important Concepts
  1736. Quantum-mechanical tunneling
  1737. Applications
  1738. Terms and Notation
  1739. Conceptual Questions
  1740. Exercises and Problems
  1741. Exercises
  1742. Sections 40.3– 40.4 A Particle in a Rigid Box
  1743. Section 40.6 Finite Potential Wells
  1744. Section 40.7 Wave-Function Shapes
  1745. Section 40.8 The Quantum Harmonic Oscillator
  1746. Section 40.9 More Quantum Models
  1747. Section 40.10 Quantum-Mechanical Tunneling
  1748. Problems
  1749. Challenge Problems
  1750. 41 Atomic Physics
  1751. 41.1 The Hydrogen Atom: Angular Momentum and Energy
  1752. Stationary States of Hydrogen
  1753. Angular Momentum Is Quantized
  1754. Energy Levels of the Hydrogen Atom
  1755. 41.2 The Hydrogen Atom: Wave Functions and Probabilities
  1756. Radial Wave Functions
  1757. Angular Momentum and Orbit Shapes
  1758. 41.3 The Electron’s Spin
  1759. The Discovery of Spin
  1760. 41.4 Multielectron Atoms
  1761. The Pauli Exclusion Principle
  1762. 41.5 The Periodic Table of the Elements
  1763. The First Two Rows
  1764. Elements with Z > 10
  1765. Ionization Energies
  1766. 41.6 Excited States and Spectra
  1767. Excitation by Absorption
  1768. Collisional Excitation
  1769. Emission Spectra
  1770. Color in Solids
  1771. 41.7 Lifetimes of Excited States
  1772. The Decay Equation
  1773. 41.8 Stimulated Emission and Lasers
  1774. Lasers
  1775. The Ruby Laser
  1776. The Helium-Neon Laser
  1777. Summary
  1778. Important Concepts
  1779. Hydrogen Atom
  1780. Multielectron Atoms
  1781. Electron spin
  1782. Applications
  1783. Lifetimes of excited states
  1784. Terms and Notation
  1785. Conceptual Questions
  1786. Exercises and Problems
  1787. Exercises
  1788. Sections 41.1–41.2 The Hydrogen Atom
  1789. Section 41.3 The Electron’s Spin
  1790. Section 41.4 Multielectron Atoms
  1791. Section 41.5 The Periodic Table of the Elements
  1792. Section 41.6 Excited States and Spectra
  1793. Section 41.7 Lifetimes of Excited States
  1794. Section 41.8 Stimulated Emission and Lasers
  1795. Problems
  1796. Challenge Problems
  1797. 42 Nuclear Physics
  1798. 42.1 Nuclear Structure
  1799. Nucleons
  1800. Isotopes and Isobars
  1801. Atomic Mass
  1802. Nuclear Size and Density
  1803. 42.2 Nuclear Stability
  1804. Binding Energy
  1805. 42.3 The Strong Force
  1806. Potential Energy
  1807. 42.4 The Shell Model
  1808. Low-Z Nuclei
  1809. High-Z Nuclei
  1810. 42.5 Radiation and Radioactivity
  1811. Ionizing Radiation
  1812. Nuclear Decay and Half-Lives
  1813. Activity
  1814. Radioactive Dating
  1815. 42.6 Nuclear Decay Mechanisms
  1816. Alpha Decay
  1817. Beta Decay
  1818. The Weak Interaction
  1819. Gamma Decay
  1820. Decay Series
  1821. 42.7 Biological Applications of Nuclear Physics
  1822. Radiation Dose
  1823. Medical Uses of Radiation
  1824. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  1825. Summary
  1826. General Principles
  1827. The Nucleus
  1828. Nuclear forces
  1829. Nuclear Stability
  1830. Important Concepts
  1831. Shell model
  1832. Curve of binding energy
  1833. Applications
  1834. Radioactive decay
  1835. Measuring radiation
  1836. Terms and Notation
  1837. Conceptual Questions
  1838. Exercises and Problems
  1839. Exercises
  1840. Section 42.1 Nuclear Structure
  1841. Section 42.2 Nuclear Stability
  1842. Section 42.3 The Strong Force
  1843. Section 42.4 The Shell Model
  1844. Section 42.5 Radiation and Radioactivity
  1845. Section 42.6 Nuclear Decay Mechanisms
  1846. Section 42.7 Biological Applications of Nuclear Physics
  1847. Problems
  1848. Challenge Problems
  1849. Appendix A Mathematics Review
  1850. Algebra
  1851. Geometry and Trigonometry
  1852. Expansions and Approximations
  1853. Calculus
  1854. Derivatives
  1855. Integrals
  1856. Appendix B Periodic Table of Elements
  1857. Appendix C Atomic and Nuclear Data
  1858. Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
  1859. Chapter 1
  1860. Stop to Think Questions
  1861. Exercises and Problems
  1862. Chapter 2
  1863. Stop to Think Questions
  1864. Exercises and Problems
  1865. Chapter 3
  1866. Stop to Think Questions
  1867. Exercises and Problems
  1868. Chapter 4
  1869. Stop to Think Questions
  1870. Exercises and Problems
  1871. Chapter 5
  1872. Stop to Think Questions
  1873. Exercises and Problems
  1874. Chapter 6
  1875. Stop to Think Questions
  1876. Exercises and Problems
  1877. Chapter 7
  1878. Stop to Think Questions
  1879. Exercises and Problems
  1880. Chapter 8
  1881. Stop to Think Questions
  1882. Exercises and Problems
  1883. Chapter 9
  1884. Stop to Think Questions
  1885. Exercises and Problems
  1886. Chapter 10
  1887. Stop to Think Questions
  1888. Exercises and Problems
  1889. Chapter 11
  1890. Stop to Think Questions
  1891. Exercises and Problems
  1892. Chapter 12
  1893. Stop to Think Questions
  1894. Exercises and Problems
  1895. Chapter 13
  1896. Stop to Think Questions
  1897. Exercises and Problems
  1898. Chapter 14
  1899. Stop to Think Questions
  1900. Exercises and Problems
  1901. Chapter 15
  1902. Stop to Think Questions
  1903. Exercises and Problems
  1904. Chapter 16
  1905. Stop to Think Questions
  1906. Exercises and Problems
  1907. Chapter 17
  1908. Stop to Think Questions
  1909. Exercises and Problems
  1910. Chapter 18
  1911. Stop to Think Questions
  1912. Exercises and Problems
  1913. Chapter 19
  1914. Stop to Think Questions
  1915. Exercises and Problems
  1916. Chapter 20
  1917. Stop to Think Questions
  1918. Exercises and Problems
  1919. Chapter 21
  1920. Stop to Think Questions
  1921. Exercises and Problems
  1922. Chapter 22
  1923. Stop to Think Questions
  1924. Exercises and Problems
  1925. Chapter 23
  1926. Stop to Think Questions
  1927. Exercises and Problems
  1928. Chapter 24
  1929. Stop to Think Questions
  1930. Exercises and Problems
  1931. Chapter 25
  1932. Stop to Think Questions
  1933. Exercises and Problems
  1934. Chapter 26
  1935. Stop to Think Questions
  1936. Exercises and Problems
  1937. Chapter 27
  1938. Stop to Think Questions
  1939. Exercises and Problems
  1940. Chapter 28
  1941. Stop to Think Questions
  1942. Exercises and Problems
  1943. Chapter 29
  1944. Stop to Think Questions
  1945. Exercises and Problems
  1946. Chapter 30
  1947. Stop to Think Questions
  1948. Exercises and Problems
  1949. Chapter 31
  1950. Stop to Think Questions
  1951. Exercises and Problems
  1952. Chapter 32
  1953. Stop to Think Questions
  1954. Exercises and Problems
  1955. Chapter 33
  1956. Stop to Think Questions
  1957. Exercises and Problems
  1958. Chapter 34
  1959. Stop to Think Questions
  1960. Exercises and Problems
  1961. Chapter 35
  1962. Stop to Think Questions
  1963. Exercises and Problems
  1964. Chapter 36
  1965. Stop to Think Questions
  1966. Exercises and Problems
  1967. Chapter 37
  1968. Stop to Think Questions
  1969. Exercises and Problems
  1970. Chapter 38
  1971. Stop to Think Questions
  1972. Exercises and Problems
  1973. Chapter 39
  1974. Stop to Think Questions
  1975. Exercises and Problems
  1976. Chapter 40
  1977. Stop to Think Questions
  1978. Exercises and Problems
  1979. Chapter 41
  1980. Stop to Think Questions
  1981. Exercises and Problems
  1982. Chapter 42
  1983. Stop to Think Questions
  1984. Exercises and Problems
  1985. Credits
  1986. Chapter 1
  1987. Chapter 2
  1988. Chapter 3
  1989. Chapter 4
  1990. Chapter 5
  1991. Chapter 6
  1992. Chapter 7
  1993. Chapter 8
  1994. Chapter 9
  1995. Chapter 10
  1996. Chapter 11
  1997. Chapter 12
  1998. Chapter 13
  1999. Chapter 14
  2000. Chapter 15
  2001. Chapter 16
  2002. Chapter 17
  2003. Chapter 18
  2004. Chapter 19
  2005. Chapter 20
  2006. Chapter 21
  2007. Chapter 22
  2008. Chapter 23
  2009. Chapter 24
  2010. Chapter 25
  2011. Chapter 26
  2012. Chapter 27
  2013. Chapter 28
  2014. Chapter 29
  2015. Chapter 30
  2016. Chapter 31
  2017. Chapter 32
  2018. Chapter 33
  2019. Chapter 34
  2020. Chapter 35
  2021. Chapter 36
  2022. Chapter 37
  2023. Chapter 38
  2024. Chapter 39
  2025. Chapter 40
  2026. Chapter 41
  2027. Chapter 42
  2028. Index

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