Test Bank for Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology 12th Edition

This is completed downloadable of Test Bank for Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology 12th Edition

Product Details:

• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0134182596
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0134182599
• Author:   Edward J. Tarbuck (Author), Frederick K. Lutgens (Author), Dennis G. Tasa (Author)

With its strong readability and engaging, instructive illustrations, this trusted bestseller returns with a hybrid and streamlined focus on core principles. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geologymaintains a learning objective-driven approach throughout each chapter: The text provides students with a structured learning path, tied to learning objectives with opportunities for students to demonstrate their understanding at the end of each section. The authors’ emphasis on currency and relevance includes the latest thinking in the field, particularly in the dynamic area of plate tectonics.

The Twelfth Edition, Pearson Science’s first augmented reality, hybrid textbook, uses the BouncePages image recognition app (FREE on both iOS and Android stores) to connect students’ digital devices to the print textbook, enhancing their reading and learning experience. Tarbuck/Lutgens’s innovative SmartFigures feature has been expanded, adding new digital content via Project Condor, Mobile Field Trips by Michael Collier, Animated Figures, and additional tutorial videos from Callan Bentley.This edition also includes MasteringGeology, the most complete, easy-to-use, engaging tutorial and assessment tool available.

 

Table of Content:

1. Chapter 1: An Introduction to Geology
2. 1.1: Geology: The Science of Earth
3. Physical and Historical Geology
4. Geology, People, and the Environment
5. Geo Graphics 1.1: World Population Passes 7 Billion
6. 1.2: The Development of Geology
7. Catastrophism
8. The Birth of Modern Geology
9. Geology Today
10. The Magnitude of Geologic Time
11. 1.3: The Nature of Scientific Inquiry
12. Hypothesis
13. Theory
14. Scientific Methods
15. Plate Tectonics and Scientific Inquiry
16. 1.4: Earth as a System
17. Earth’s Spheres
18. Earth System Science
19. The Earth System
20. 1.5: Origin and Early Evolution of Earth
21. Origin of Our Solar System
22. Geo Graphics 1.2: Solar System: Size and Scale
23. Formation of Earth’s Layered Structure
24. 1.6: Earth’s Internal Structure
25. Earth’s Crust
26. Earth’s Mantle
27. Earth’s Core
28. 1.7: Rocks and the Rock Cycle
29. The Basic Cycle
30. Alternative Paths
31. 1.8: The Face of Earth
32. Major Features of the Ocean Floor
33. Major Features of the Continents
34. Concepts in Review
35. Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds
36. 2.1: From Continental Drift to Plate Tectonics
37. 2.2: Continental Drift: An Idea Before Its Time
38. Evidence: The Continental Jigsaw Puzzle
39. Evidence: Fossils Matching Across the Seas
40. Evidence: Rock Types and Geologic Features
41. Evidence: Ancient Climates
42. 2.3: The Great Debate
43. Rejection of the Drift Hypothesis
44. 2.4: The Theory of Plate Tectonics
45. Rigid Lithosphere Overlies Weak Asthenosphere
46. Earth’s Major Plates
47. Plate Movement
48. 2.5: Divergent Plate Boundaries and Seafloor Spreading
49. Oceanic Ridges and Seafloor Spreading
50. Continental Rifting
51. 2.6: Convergent Plate Boundaries and Subduction
52. Oceanic-Continental Convergence
53. Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence
54. Continental-Continental Convergence
55. 2.7: Transform Plate Boundaries
56. 2.8: How Do Plates and Plate Boundaries Change?
57. The Breakup of Pangaea
58. Plate Tectonics in the Future
59. 2.9: Testing the Plate Tectonics Model
60. Evidence: Ocean Drilling
61. Evidence: Mantle Plumes and Hot Spots
62. Evidence: Paleomagnetism
63. 2.10 How Is Plate Motion Measured?
64. Geologic Measurement of Plate Motion
65. Measuring Plate Motion from Space
66. 2.11 What Drives Plate Motions?
67. Forces That Drive Plate Motion
68. Models of Plate-Mantle Convection
69. Concepts in Review
70. Chapter 3: Matter and Minerals
71. 3.1: Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks
72. Defining a Mineral
73. What Is a Rock?
74. 3.2: Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals
75. Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
76. Elements: Defined by Their Number of Protons
77. 3.3: Why Atoms Bond
78. The Octet Rule and Chemical Bonds
79. Ionic Bonds: Electrons Transferred
80. Covalent Bonds: Electron Sharing
81. Metallic Bonds: Electrons Free to Move
82. Hybrid Bonds
83. 3.4: How Do Minerals Form?
84. Precipitation of Mineral Matter
85. Crystallization of Molten Rock
86. Geo Graphics 3.1: Gold
87. Deposition as a Result of Biological Processes
88. 3.5: Properties of Minerals
89. Optical Properties
90. Crystal Shape, or Habit
91. Mineral Strength
92. Density and Specific Gravity
93. Other Properties of Minerals
94. 3.6: Mineral Structures and Compositions
95. Mineral Structures
96. Compositional Variations in Minerals
97. Structural Variations in Minerals
98. 3.7: Mineral Groups
99. Classifying Minerals
100. Silicate Versus Nonsilicate Minerals
101. 3.8: The Silicates
102. Silicate Structures
103. Joining Silicate Structures
104. 3.9: Common Silicate Minerals
105. The Light Silicates
106. The Dark Silicates
107. 3.10: Important Nonsilicate Minerals
108. Geo Graphics 3.2: Gemstones
109. Concepts in Review
110. Chapter 4: Magma, Igneous Rocks, and Intrusive Activity
111. 4.1: Magma: Parent Material of Igneous Rock
112. The Nature of Magma
113. From Magma to Crystalline Rock
114. Igneous Processes
115. 4.2: Igneous Compositions
116. Granitic (Felsic) Versus Basaltic (Mafic) Compositions
117. Other Compositional Groups
118. Silica Content as an Indicator of Composition
119. 4.3: Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us?
120. Types of Igneous Textures
121. 4.4: Naming Igneous Rocks
122. Granitic (Felsic) Igneous Rocks
123. Andesitic (Intermediate) Igneous Rocks
124. Basaltic (Mafic) Igneous Rocks
125. Pyroclastic Rocks
126. Geo Graphics 4.1: Granite: An Intrusive Igneous Rock
127. 4.5: Origin of Magma
128. Generating Magma from Solid Rock
129. 4.6: How Magmas Evolve
130. Bowen’s Reaction Series and the Composition of Igneous Rocks
131. Magmatic Differentiation and Crystal Settling
132. Assimilation and Magma Mixing
133. 4.7 Partial Melting and Magma Composition
134. Formation of Basaltic Magma
135. Formation of Andesitic and Granitic Magmas
136. 4.8: Intrusive Igneous Activity
137. Nature of Intrusive Bodies
138. Tabular Intrusive Bodies: Dikes and Sills
139. Massive Intrusive Bodies: Batholiths, Stocks, and Laccoliths
140. Concepts in Review
141. Chapter 5: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
142. 5.1: The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions
143. Factors Affecting Viscosity
144. Quiescent Versus Explosive Eruptions
145. 5.2: Materials Extruded During an Eruption
146. Lava Flows
147. Geo Graphics 5.1: Eruption of Mount St. Helens
148. Gases
149. Pyroclastic Materials
150. 5.3: Anatomy of a Volcano
151. 5.4: Shield Volcanoes
152. Shield Volcanoes of Hawaii
153. Evolution of Volcanic Islands
154. 5.5: Cinder Cones
155. Geo Graphics 5.2: Kilauea’s East Rift Zone Eruption
156. Parícutin: Life of a Garden-Variety Cinder Cone
157. 5.6: Composite Volcanoes
158. 5.7: Volcanic Hazards
159. Pyroclastic Flow: A Deadly Force of Nature
160. Lahars: Mudflows on Active and Inactive Cones
161. Other Volcanic Hazards
162. 5.8: Other Volcanic Landforms
163. Calderas
164. Fissure Eruptions and Basalt Plateaus
165. Lava Domes
166. Volcanic Necks and Pipes
167. 5.9: Plate Tectonics and Volcanic Activity
168. Volcanism at Convergent Plate Boundaries
169. Volcanism at Divergent Plate Boundaries
170. Intraplate Volcanism
171. 5.10: Monitoring Volcanic Activity
172. Concepts in Review
173. Chapter 6: Weathering and Soils
174. 6.1: Weathering
175. 6.2: Mechanical Weathering
176. Frost Wedging
177. Salt Crystal Growth
178. Sheeting
179. Geo Graphics 6.1: Some Everyday Examples of Weathering
180. Geo Graphics 6.2: The Old Man of the Mountain
181. Biological Activity
182. 6.3: Chemical Weathering
183. Dissolution
184. Oxidation
185. Hydrolysis
186. Spheroidal Weathering
187. 6.4: Rates of Weathering
188. Rock Characteristics
189. Climate
190. Differential Weathering
191. 6.5: Soil
192. An Interface in the Earth System
193. What Is Soil?
194. Soil Texture and Structure
195. 6.6: Controls of Soil Formation
196. Parent Material
197. Climate
198. Plants and Animals
199. Time
200. Topography
201. 6.7: Describing and Classifying Soils
202. The Soil Profile
203. Classifying Soils
204. 6.8: The Impact of Human Activities on Soil
205. Clearing the Tropical Rain Forest: A Case Study of Human Impact on Soil
206. Soil Erosion: Losing a Vital Resource
207. Geo Graphics 6.3: The 1930s Dust Bowl: An Environmental Disaster
208. Concepts in Review
209. Chapter 7: Sedimentary Rocks
210. 7.1: An Introduction to Sedimentary Rocks
211. Importance
212. Origins
213. 7.2: Detrital Sedimentary Rocks
214. Shale
215. Sandstone
216. Conglomerate and Breccia
217. 7.3: Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
218. Limestone
219. Geo Graphics 7.1: Limestone: An Important and Versatile Commodity
220. Dolostone
221. Chert
222. Evaporites
223. 7.4: Coal: An Organic Sedimentary Rock
224. 7.5: Turning Sediment into Sedimentary Rock: Diagenesis and Lithification
225. Diagenesis
226. Lithification
227. 7.6: Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
228. 7.7: Sedimentary Rocks Represent Past Environments
229. Types of Sedimentary Environments
230. Sedimentary Facies
231. Sedimentary Structures
232. 7.8: The Carbon Cycle and Sedimentary Rocks
233. Concepts in Review
234. Chapter 8: Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks
235. 8.1: What Is Metamorphism?
236. 8.2: What Drives Metamorphism?
237. Heat as a Metamorphic Agent
238. Confining Pressure
239. Differential Stress
240. Chemically Active Fluids
241. The Importance of Parent Rock
242. 8.3: Metamorphic Textures
243. Foliation
244. Foliated Textures
245. Other Metamorphic Textures
246. 8.4: Common Metamorphic Rocks
247. Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
248. Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rocks
249. 8.5: Metamorphic Environments
250. Geo Graphics 8.1: Marble
251. Contact, or Thermal, Metamorphism
252. Hydrothermal Metamorphism
253. Burial and Subduction Zone Metamorphism
254. Regional Metamorphism
255. Other Metamorphic Environments
256. Geo Graphics 8.2: Impact Metamorphism
257. 8.6: Metamorphic Zones
258. Textural Variations
259. Index Minerals and Metamorphic Grade
260. 8.7: Interpreting Metamorphic Environments
261. Common Metamorphic Facies
262. Metamorphic Facies and Plate Tectonics
263. Mineral Stability and Metamorphic Environments
264. Concepts in Review
265. Chapter 9: Geologic Time
266. 9.1: Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles
267. The Importance of a Time Scale
268. Numerical and Relative Dates
269. Principle of Superposition
270. Principle of Original Horizontality
271. Principle of Lateral Continuity
272. Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships
273. Principle of Inclusions
274. Unconformities
275. Applying Relative Dating Principles
276. Geo Graphics 9.1: Dating the Lunar Surface
277. 9.2: Fossils: Evidence of Past Life
278. Types of Fossils
279. Conditions Favoring Preservation
280. Geo Graphics 9.2: How is paleontology different from archaeology?
281. 9.3: Correlation of Rock Layers
282. Correlation Within Limited Areas
283. Fossils and Correlation
284. 9.4: Numerical Dating with Radioactivity
285. Reviewing Basic Atomic Structure
286. Radioactivity
287. Radiometric Dating
288. Using Radioactive Isotopes
289. Dating with Carbon-14
290. 9.5: The Geologic Time Scale
291. Structure of the Time Scale
292. Precambrian Time
293. Terminology and the Geologic Time Scale
294. 9.6: Determining Numerical Dates for Sedimentary Strata
295. Concepts in Review
296. Chapter 10: Crustal Deformation
297. 10.1: What Causes Rock to Deform?
298. Stress: The Force That Deforms Rocks
299. Strain: A Change in Shape Caused by Stress
300. 10.2: How Do Rocks Deform?
301. Types of Deformation
302. Factors That Affect Rock Strength
303. Ductile Versus Brittle Deformation and the Resulting Rock Structures
304. 10.3: Folds: Rock Structures Formed by Ductile Deformation
305. Anticlines and Synclines
306. Domes and Basins
307. Monoclines
308. 10.4: Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation
309. Dip-Slip Faults
310. Strike-Slip Faults
311. Oblique-Slip Faults
312. What Do Faults Have in Common?
313. Geo Graphics 10.1: The San Andreas Fault System
314. Joints
315. 10.5: Mapping Geologic Structures
316. Strike and Dip
317. Concepts in Review
318. Chapter 11: Earthquakes and Earthquake Hazards
319. 11.1: What Is an Earthquake?
320. Discovering the Causes of Earthquakes
321. Aftershocks and Foreshocks
322. 11.2: Faults and Earthquakes
323. Normal Faults and Divergent Plate Boundaries
324. Thrust Faults and Convergent Plate Boundaries
325. Strike-slip Faults and Transform Plate Boundaries
326. Fault Rupture and Propagation
327. 11.3: Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves
328. Instruments That Record Earthquakes
329. Seismic Waves
330. 11.4: Locating the Source of an Earthquake
331. 11.5: Determining the Size of an Earthquake
332. Intensity Scales
333. Magnitude Scales
334. 11.6: Earthquake Destruction
335. Destruction from Seismic Vibrations
336. Landslides and Ground Subsidence
337. Fire
338. What Is a Tsunami?
339. 11.7: Where Do Most Earthquakes Occur?
340. Earthquakes Associated with Plate Boundaries
341. Damaging Earthquakes East of the Rockies
342. 11.8: Can Earthquakes Be Predicted?
343. Short-Range Predictions
344. Geo Graphics 11.1: Seismic Risks on the San Andreas Fault System
345. Long-Range Forecasts
346. Concepts in Review
347. Chapter 12: Earth’s Interior
348. 12.1: Earth’s Internal Structure
349. Gravity and Earth’s Layers
350. How Does Gravity Affect Density?
351. 12.2: Probing Earth’s Interior
352. “Seeing” Seismic Waves
353. Seismic Velocities
354. Interactions Between Seismic Waves and Earth’s Layers
355. 12.3: Earth’s Layers
356. Crust
357. Geo Graphics 12.1: Recreating the Deep Earth
358. Mantle
359. Core
360. 12.4: Earth’s Temperature
361. Heat Flow
362. Earth’s Temperature Profile
363. 12.5: Earth’s Three-Dimensional Structure
364. Earth’s Gravity
365. Seismic Tomography
366. Earth’s Magnetic Field
367. Concepts in Review
368. Chapter 13: Origin and Evolution of the Ocean Floor
369. 13.1: An Emerging Picture of the Ocean Floor
370. Mapping the Seafloor
371. Provinces of the Ocean Floor
372. 13.2: Continental Margins
373. Passive Continental Margins
374. Active Continental Margins
375. 13.3: Features of Deep-Ocean Basins
376. Deep-Ocean Trenches
377. Abyssal Plains
378. Volcanic Structures on the Ocean Floor
379. Geo Graphics 13.1: Explaining Coral Atolls: Darwin’s Hypothesis
380. 13.4: Anatomy of the Oceanic Ridge
381. 13.5: Oceanic Ridges and Seafloor Spreading
382. Seafloor Spreading
383. Why Are Oceanic Ridges Elevated?
384. Spreading Rates and Ridge Topography
385. 13.6: The Nature of Oceanic Crust
386. How Does Oceanic Crust Form?
387. Interactions Between Seawater and Oceanic Crust
388. 13.7: Continental Rifting: The Birth of a New Ocean Basin
389. Evolution of an Ocean Basin
390. Geo Graphics 13.2: Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents
391. Mechanisms for Continental Rifting
392. 13.8: Destruction of Oceanic Lithosphere
393. Why Oceanic Lithosphere Subducts
394. Subducting Plates: The Demise of Ocean Basins
395. Concepts in Review
396. Chapter 14: Mountain Building
397. 14.1: Mountain Building
398. 14.2: Subduction Zones
399. Features of Subduction Zones
400. Extension and Back-Arc Spreading
401. 14.3: Subduction and Mountain Building
402. Island Arc-Type Mountain Building
403. Andean-Type Mountain Building
404. Sierra Nevada, Coast Ranges, and Great Valley
405. 14.4: Collisional Mountain Belts
406. Cordilleran-Type Mountain Building
407. Alpine-Type Mountain Building: Continental Collisions
408. The Himalayas
409. The Appalachians
410. 14.5: Fault-Block Mountains
411. The Basin and Range Province
412. 14.6: What Causes Earth’s Varied Topography?
413. The Principle of Isostasy
414. How Is Isostasy Related to Changes in Elevation?
415. Geo Graphics 14.1: The Laramide Rockies
416. How High Is Too High?
417. Mantle Convection: A Cause of Vertical Crustal Movement
418. Concepts in Review
419. Chapter 15: Mass Wasting: The Work of Gravity
420. 15.1: The Importance of Mass Wasting
421. Landslides as Geologic Hazards
422. The Role of Mass Wasting in Landform Development
423. Slopes Change Through Time
424. Geo Graphics 15.1: Landslides as Natural Disasters
425. 15.2: Controls and Triggers of Mass Wasting
426. The Role of Water
427. Oversteepened Slopes
428. Removal of Vegetation
429. Earthquakes as Triggers
430. Landslides Without Triggers?
431. 15.3: Classification of Mass-Wasting Processes
432. Type of Material
433. Type of Motion
434. Geo Graphics 15.2: Landslide Risks: United States and Worldwide
435. Rate of Movement
436. 15.4: Rapid Forms of Mass Wasting
437. Slump
438. Rockslide
439. Debris Flow
440. Earthflow
441. 15.5: Slow Movements
442. Creep
443. Solifluction
444. The Sensitive Permafrost Landscape
445. Concepts in Review
446. Chapter 16: Running Water
447. 16.1: Earth as a System: The Hydrologic Cycle
448. 16.2: Running Water
449. Drainage Basins
450. River Systems
451. Drainage Patterns
452. 16.3: Streamflow Characteristics
453. Factors Affecting Flow Velocity
454. Geo Graphics 16.1: What Are the Largest Rivers?
455. Changes Downstream
456. 16.4: The Work of Running Water
457. Stream Erosion
458. Transport of Sediment by Streams
459. Deposition of Sediment by Streams
460. 16.5: Stream Channels
461. Bedrock Channels
462. Alluvial Channels
463. 16.6: Shaping Stream Valleys
464. Base Level and Graded Streams
465. Valley Deepening
466. Valley Widening
467. Incised Meanders and Stream Terraces
468. 16.7: Depositional Landforms
469. Deltas
470. The Mississippi River Delta
471. Natural Levees
472. Alluvial Fans
473. 16.8: Floods and Flood Control
474. Types of Floods
475. Geo Graphics 16.2: Flash Floods
476. Flood Recurrence Intervals
477. Flood Control
478. Concepts in Review
479. Chapter 17: Groundwater
480. 17.1: The Importance of Groundwater
481. Groundwater and the Hydrosphere
482. Geologic Importance of Groundwater
483. Groundwater: A Basic Resource
484. 17.2: Groundwater and the Water Table
485. Distribution of Groundwater
486. Variations in the Water Table
487. 17.3: Factors Influencing the Storage and Movement of Groundwater
488. Porosity
489. Permeability, Aquitards, and Aquifers
490. 17.4: How Groundwater Moves
491. A Simple Groundwater Flow System
492. Measuring Groundwater Movement
493. Different Scales of Movement
494. 17.5: Wells and Artesian Systems
495. Wells
496. Artesian Systems
497. 17.6: Springs, Hot Springs, and Geysers
498. Springs
499. Hot Springs
500. Geysers
501. 17.7: Environmental Problems
502. Mining Groundwater
503. Subsidence
504. Geo Graphics 17.1: Drought Impacts the Hydrologic System
505. Saltwater Intrusion
506. Groundwater Contamination
507. 17.8: The Geologic Work of Groundwater
508. Caverns
509. Karst Topography
510. Concepts in Review
511. Chapter 18: Glaciers and Glaciation
512. 18.1: Glaciers: A Part of Two Basic Cycles
513. Valley (Alpine) Glaciers
514. Ice Sheets
515. Other Types of Glaciers
516. Geo Graphics 18.1: Antarctica Fact File
517. 18.2: Formation and Movement of Glacial Ice
518. Glacial Ice Formation
519. How Glaciers Move
520. Observing and Measuring Movement
521. Budget of a Glacier: Accumulation Versus Wastage
522. 18.3: Glacial Erosion
523. How Glaciers Erode
524. Landforms Created by Glacial Erosion
525. 18.4: Glacial Deposits
526. Glacial Drift
527. Landforms Made of Till
528. Landforms Made of Stratified Drift
529. 18.5: Other Effects of Ice Age Glaciers
530. Crustal Subsidence and Rebound
531. Sea-Level Changes
532. Changes to Rivers and Valleys
533. Ice Dams Create Proglacial Lakes
534. Pluvial Lakes
535. 18.6: The Ice Age
536. Historical Development of the Glacial Theory
537. Causes of Ice Ages
538. Concepts in Review
539. Chapter 19: Deserts and Wind
540. 19.1: Distribution and Causes of Dry Lands
541. What Is Meant by Dry
542. Subtropical Deserts and Steppes
543. Middle-Latitude Deserts and Steppes
544. 19.2: Geologic Processes in Arid Climates
545. Dry-Region Weathering
546. The Role of Water
547. 19.3: Basin and Range: The Evolution of a Desert Landscape
548. Geo Graphics 19.1: Common Misconceptions About Deserts
549. 19.4: Transportation of Sediment by Wind
550. Bed Load
551. Suspended Load
552. 19.5: Wind Erosion
553. Deflation and Blowouts
554. Desert Pavement
555. Ventifacts and Yardangs
556. 19.6: Wind Deposits
557. Sand Deposits
558. Types of Sand Dunes
559. Loess (Silt) Deposits
560. Concepts in Review
561. Chapter 20: Shorelines
562. 20.1: The Shoreline: A Dynamic Interface
563. The Coastal Zone
564. Basic Features of the Coastal Zone
565. 20.2: Ocean Waves
566. Wave Characteristics
567. Circular Orbital Motion
568. Waves in the Surf Zone
569. 20.3: Shoreline Processes
570. Wave Erosion
571. Sand Movement on the Beach
572. 20.4: Shoreline Features
573. Erosional Features
574. Depositional Features
575. The Evolving Shore
576. 20.5: Contrasting America’s Coasts
577. Coastal Classification
578. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts
579. Pacific Coast
580. Geo Graphics 20.1: A Brief Tour of America’s Coasts
581. 20.6: Hurricanes: The Ultimate Coastal Hazard
582. Profile of a Hurricane
583. Hurricane Destruction
584. Detecting and Tracking Hurricanes
585. 20.7: Stabilizing the Shore
586. Hard Stabilization
587. Alternatives to Hard Stabilization
588. 20.8: Tides
589. Causes of Tides
590. Monthly Tidal Cycle
591. Tidal Patterns
592. Tidal Currents
593. Concepts in Review
594. Chapter 21: Global Climate Change
595. 21.1: Climate and Geology
596. The Climate System
597. Climate-Geology Connections
598. 21.2: Detecting Climate Change
599. Climates Change
600. Proxy Data
601. Seafloor Sediment: A Storehouse of Climate Data
602. Oxygen Isotope Analysis
603. Climate Change Recorded in Glacial Ice
604. Tree Rings: Archives of Environmental History
605. Other Types of Proxy Data
606. 21.3: Some Atmospheric Basics
607. Composition of the Atmosphere
608. Extent and Structure of the Atmosphere
609. 21.4: Heating the Atmosphere
610. Energy from the Sun
611. The Paths of Incoming Solar Energy
612. Heating the Atmosphere: The Greenhouse Effect
613. 21.5: Natural Causes of Climate Change
614. Plate Movements and Orbital Variations
615. Volcanic Activity and Climate Change
616. Solar Variability and Climate
617. 21.6: Human Impact on Global Climate
618. Rising CO2 Levels
619. The Atmosphere’s Response
620. The Role of Trace Gases
621. How Aerosols Influence Climate
622. 21.7: Climate-Feedback Mechanisms
623. Types of Feedback Mechanisms
624. Computer Models of Climate: Important yet Imperfect Tools
625. 21.8: Some Consequences of Global Warming
626. Sea-Level Rise
627. The Changing Arctic
628. Increasing Ocean Acidity
629. The Potential for “Surprises”
630. Concepts in Review
631. Chapter 22: Earth’s Evolution Through Geologic Time
632. 22.1: Is Earth Unique?
633. The Right Planet
634. The Right Location
635. The Right Time
636. Viewing Earth’s History
637. 22.2: Birth of a Planet
638. From the Big Bang to Heavy Elements
639. From Planetesimals to Protoplanets
640. Earth’s Early Evolution
641. 22.3: Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans
642. Earth’s Primitive Atmosphere
643. Oxygen in the Atmosphere
644. Evolution of the Oceans
645. 22.4: Precambrian History: The Formation of Earth’s Continents
646. Earth’s First Continents
647. The Making of North America
648. Supercontinents of the Precambrian
649. 22.5: Geologic History of the Phanerozoic: The Formation of Earth’s Modern Continents
650. Paleozoic History
651. Mesozoic History
652. Cenozoic History
653. 22.6: Earth’s First Life
654. Origin of Life
655. Earth’s First Life: Prokaryotes
656. 22.7: Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes
657. Early Paleozoic Life-Forms
658. Vertebrates Move to Land
659. Reptiles: The First True Terrestrial Vertebrates
660. The Great Permian Extinction
661. 22.8: Mesozoic Era: Age of the Dinosaurs
662. Gymnosperms: The Dominant Mesozoic Trees
663. Reptiles Take Over the Land, Sea, and Sky
664. Demise of the Dinosaurs
665. 22.9: Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals
666. From Reptiles to Mammals
667. Marsupial and Placental Mammals
668. Humans: Mammals with Large Brains and Bipedal Locomotion
669. Large Mammals and Extinction
670. Concepts in Review
671. Chapter 23: Energy and Mineral Resources
672. 23.1: Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources
673. 23.2: Energy Resources: Fossil Fuels
674. Coal
675. Geo Graphics 23.1: Coal: A Major Energy Source
676. Oil and Natural Gas
677. 23.3: Nuclear Energy
678. Uranium
679. Concerns Regarding Nuclear Development
680. 23.4: Renewable Energy
681. Solar Energy
682. Wind Energy
683. Hydroelectric Power
684. Geothermal Energy
685. Biomass: Renewable Energy from Plants and Animals
686. Tidal Power
687. 23.5: Mineral Resources
688. 23.6: Igneous and Metamorphic Processes
689. Magmatic Differentiation and Ore Deposits
690. Hydrothermal Deposits
691. Origin of Diamonds
692. Metamorphic Processes
693. 23.7: Mineral Resources Related to Surface Processes
694. Weathering and Ore Deposits
695. Placer Deposits
696. 23.8: Nonmetallic Mineral Resources
697. Building Materials
698. Industrial Minerals
699. Concepts in Review
700. Chapter 24: Touring Our Solar System
701. 24.1: Our Solar System: An Overview
702. Nebular Theory: Formation of the Solar System
703. The Planets: Internal Structures and Atmospheres
704. Planetary Impacts
705. 24.2: Earth’s Moon: A Chip off the Old Block
706. How Did the Moon Form?
707. 24.3: Terrestrial Planets
708. Mercury: The Innermost Planet
709. Venus: The Veiled Planet
710. Mars: The Red Planet
711. Geo Graphics 24.1: Mars Exploration
712. 24.4: Jovian Planets
713. Jupiter: Lord of the Heavens
714. Saturn: The Elegant Planet
715. Uranus and Neptune: Twins
716. 24.5: Small Solar System Bodies
717. Asteroids: Leftover Planetesimals
718. Geo Graphics 24.2: Is Earth on a Collision Course?
719. Comets: Dirty Snowballs
720. Meteoroids: Visitors to Earth
721. Dwarf Planets
722. Concepts in Review
723. Appendix A: Metric and English Units Compared
724. Glossary
725. Index