Basics of Social Research Canadian 4th Edition Neuman Test Bank
Product details:
- ISBN-10 : 0134308050
- ISBN-13 : 978-0134308050
- Author: W. Lawrence Neuman
Basics of Social Research helps students understand what researchers do and why, while preparing them to think critically about how content findings are created.
The information in this text is presented in an easy to understand manner that allows students to see the importance of properly conducted research.
Updated Canadian content focuses on real research examples from Canadian studies
Table contents:
New in the Fourth Canadian Edition
Instructor Supplements
Part I Foundations
Chapter 1 Doing Social Research
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Why Do Social Research?
Alternatives to Social Research
Authority
Tradition
Common Sense
Media Myths
Personal Experience
How Science Works
Science
The Scientific Community
The Scientific Method and Attitude
Steps in the Research Process
Use of Research
Academic Research
Applied Research
Purpose of a Study
Exploration
Description
Explanation
Time Dimension in Research
Cross-Sectional Research
Longitudinal Research
Time-Series Study
Panel Study
Cohort Study
Case Studies
Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches
Quantitative Data Collection Techniques
Experiments
Surveys
Content Analysis
Existing Statistics
Qualitative Data Collection Techniques
Qualitative Interviews
Focus Groups
Field Research
Historical Research
Content Analysis
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Chapter 2 Theory and Social Research
Learning Objectives
Introduction
What is Theory?
Levels of Theory
Empirical Generalizations and Middle-Range Theory
The Parts of Theory
Assumptions
Agency and Structure
Ontology and Epistemology
Two Major Paradigms
Positivist Approach
Interpretive Approach
Major Theoretical Frameworks
Direction of Theorizing
Deductive Approach
Inductive Approach
Explaining Relationships in Social Research
Causal Explanation
Temporal order
Association
Eliminating Alternatives
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Chapter 3 Ethics in Social Research
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Why Be Ethical?
Scientific Misconduct
Unethical but Legal
Power Relations
Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants
Origins of Research Participant Protection
Physical Harm, Psychological Abuse, and Legal Jeopardy
Physical Harm
Psychological Abuse, Stress, or Loss of Self-Esteem
Legal Harm
Other Harm to Participants
Maximizing Benefit
Deception and Consent
Informed Consent
Special Populations and New Inequalities
Privacy, Anonymity, and Confidentiality
Privacy
Anonymity
Confidentiality
Privacy, Anonymity, and Confidentiality in Online Research
Respect for Human Dignity
Mandated Protections of Research Participants
Ethics and the Scientific Community
Ethics and The Sponsors of Research
Whistle-Blowing
Arriving at Particular Findings
Limits on How to Conduct Studies
Suppressing Findings
Concealing the True Sponsor
Politics of Research
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Chapter 4 Reviewing the Scholarly Literature and Planning a Study
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Locating Relevant Sources
How to Find Research Literature
Books
Periodicals
Scholarly Journals
Other Types of Periodicals
Dissertations
Government Documents
Policy Reports
Citation Styles
How To Conduct a Systematic Literature Review
Define and Refine a Topic
Design a Search Strategy
Locate Research Reports
Taking Notes
What to Record
Organize Your Notes
Writing the Review
Synthesize
Avoid Failing to Synthesize
Avoid Over-quoting
Do Not Plagiarize
The Difference Between a Good Review and a Bad Review
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Chapter 5 Designing a Study
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Qualitative and Quantitative Orientations Toward Research
Linear and Nonlinear Paths
Preplanned and Emergent Research Questions
Qualitative Design Issues
The Language of Cases and Contexts
The Context Is Critical
The Case and the Process
Interpretation
Quantitative Design Issues
The Language of Variables and Hypotheses
Variation and Variables
Types of Variables
Causal Theory and Hypotheses
The Hypothesis and Causality
Testing and Refining Hypotheses
Types of Hypotheses
Aspects of Explanation
Clarity About Units and Levels of Analysis
Ecological Fallacy
Example
Reductionism
Example
Spuriousness
Example 1
Example 2
Tautology and Teleology
From the Research Question to Hypotheses
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Chapter 6 Qualitative and Quantitative Measurement
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Why Measure?
Quantitative and Qualitative Measurement
Parts of the Measurement Process
Quantitative Conceptualization and Operationalization
Qualitative Conceptualization and Operationalization
Conceptualization
Operationalization
Reliability and Validity
Reliability and Validity in Quantitative Research
Reliability
How to Improve Reliability
Clear Conceptualization
Increase the Level of Measurement
Use Multiple Indicators of a Variable
Use Pretests, Pilot Studies, and Replication
Validity
Types of Measurement Validity
Face Validity
Content Validity
Criterion Validity
Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research
Reliability
Validity
The Relationship between Reliability and Validity
Other Uses of the Terms Reliability and Validity
Reliability
Internal Validity
External Validity
Statistical Validity
A Guide to Quantitative Measurement
Levels of Measurement
Continuous and Discrete Variables
Four Levels of Measurement
Precision and Levels
Distinguishing among the Four Levels
Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive Attributes
Specialized Measures: Scales and Indices
Indices and Scales
Index Construction
The Purpose
Scales
The Purpose
Logic of Scaling
Commonly Used Scales
Likert Scale
Rates and Standardization
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Chapter 7 Qualitative and Quantitative Sampling
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Nonprobability Sampling
Haphazard, Accidental, or Convenience Sampling
Quota Sampling
Purposive Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Sequential Sampling
Probability Sampling
Populations, Elements, and Sampling Frames
Why Random?
Types of Probability Samples
Simple Random
Systematic Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Cluster Sampling
Probability Proportionate to Size (PPS)
Random-Digit Dialing
Hidden Populations
How Large Should a Sample Be?
Drawing Inferences
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Part II Conducting Quantitative Research
Chapter 8 Survey Research
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Research Questions Appropriate for a Survey
The Logic of Survey Research
What Is a Survey?
Steps in Conducting a Survey
Constructing the Questionnaire
Principles of Good Question Writing
Aiding Respondent Recall
Questions Requiring Special Consideration
Threatening Questions
Socially Desirable Questions
Knowledge Questions
Skip or Contingency Questions
Open versus Closed Questions
Nonattitudes and the Middle Positions
Agree/Disagree, Rankings or Ratings?
Wording Issues
Questionnaire Design Issues
Length of Survey or Questionnaire
Question Order or Sequence
Organization of Questionnaire
Order Effects
Context Effects
Format and Layout
Questionnaire Layout
Question Format
Nonresponse
Types of Surveys: Advantages and Disadvantages
Mail and Self-Administered Questionnaires
Advantages
Disadvantages
Online Surveys
Advantages
Disadvantages
Telephone Interviews
Advantages
Disadvantages
Face-to-Face Interviews
Advantages
Disadvantages
Interviewing
The Role of the Interviewer
Stages of an Interview
Training Interviewers
Interviewer Bias
Computer-Assisted Interviewing
The Ethical Survey
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Chapter 9 Experimental Research
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Research Questions Appropriate for an Experiment
The Issue of an Appropriate Technique
Research Questions for Experimental Research
Random Assignment
Why Randomly Assign?
How to Randomly Assign
Matching versus Random Assignment
Experimental Design Logic
The Language of Experiments
Parts of the Experiment
Steps in Conducting an Experiment
Control in Experiments
Types of Design
Classical Experimental Design
Example
Pre-experimental Designs
One-Shot Case Study Design
Example
One-Group Pretest–Post-test Design
Example
Static Group Comparison
Example
Quasi-Experimental and Special Designs
Two-Group Post-test–Only Design
Interrupted Time Series
Equivalent Time Series
Latin Square Designs
Solomon Four-Group Design
Factorial Designs
Design Notation
Internal and External Validity
The Logic of Internal Validity
Threats to Internal Validity
Selection Bias
History Effects
Maturation
Testing Effect
Instrumentation
Mortality
Statistical Regression
Diffusion of Treatment or Contamination
Experimenter Expectancy
External Validity and Field Experiments
Reactivity
Field Experiments
Natural Experiments
Practical Considerations
Planning and Pilot Tests
Instructions to Subjects
Post-experiment Interview
Results of Experimental Research: Making Comparisons
A Word on Ethics
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Chapter 10 Nonreactive Quantitative Research and Secondary Analysis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Nonreactive Measurement
The Logic of Nonreactive Research
Varieties of Nonreactive or Unobtrusive Observation
Recording and Documentation
Quantitative Content Analysis
What Is Content Analysis?
Topics Appropriate for Quantitative Content Analysis
Measurement and Coding
General Issues
Units
What Is Measured?
Coding, Validity, and Reliability
Manifest Coding
Latent Coding
Intercoder Reliability
How to Conduct Content Analysis Research
Question Formulation
Units of Analysis
Sampling
Variables and Constructing Coding Categories
Inferences
Existing Statistics and Documents and Secondary Data Analysis
Appropriate Topics
Social Indicators
Locating Data
Locating Existing Statistics
Secondary Survey Data
Limitations
Units of Analysis and Variable Attributes
Validity
Reliability
Missing Data
Ethical Concerns
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Chapter 11 Analysis of Quantitative Data
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Dealing with Data
Coding Data
Entering Data
Cleaning Data
Results with One Variable
Frequency Distributions
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Variation
Results with Two Variables
A Bivariate Relationship
Seeing the Relationship: The Scattergram
What Is a Scattergram (or Scatterplot)?
How to Construct a Scattergram
What Can You Learn from the Scattergram?
Form
Direction
Precision
Bivariate Tables
What Is a Bivariate Table?
Reading a Percentaged Table
Bivariate Tables without Percentages
Measures of Association
More than two Variables
Statistical Control
Constructing Trivariate Tables
Linear Regression Analysis
Inferential Statistics
The Purpose of Inferential Statistics
Statistical Significance
Levels of Significance
Type I and Type II Errors
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Part III Conducting Qualitative Research
Chapter 12 Qualitative Interviewing
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Research Questions Appropriate for Qualitative Interviewing
Similarities and Differences between Qualitative Interviews and Friendly Conversations
Key Elements in Qualitative Interviewing
Interview Guide
Asking Questions in Qualitative Interviews
Kvale Question Types
Sampling in Qualitative Interviews
How Many People to Interview?
Incentives
Interview Sites
Recording and Transcribing
Advantages and Limitations of Qualitative Interviews
From the Perspective of the Interviewee
Data Rich with Description
Development of New Theories
Development of New Avenues of Research
Problems with Validity and Reliability
Focus Groups
The Focus Group Procedure
The Role of the Moderator
Composition of Focus Groups
The Number of Groups in a Focus Group Study
Focus Groups as Social Groups
Qualitative Data Resources
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Chapter 13 Field Research
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Questions Appropriate for Field Research
Ethnography
The Logic of Field Research
What Is Field Research?
Steps in a Field Research Project
Preparing, Reading, and Defocusing
Selecting a Field Site and Gaining Access to It
Entering the Field and Establishing Social Relations with Members
Level of Involvement
Strategy for Entering
Planning
Negotiating
Disclosing
Adopting a Social Role and Learning the Ropes
Presentation of Self
Researcher as Instrument
An Attitude of Strangeness
Building Rapport
Charm and Trust
Understanding
Relations in the Field
Roles in the Field
Pre-existing versus Created Roles
Limits on the Role Chosen
Normalizing Social Research
Maintaining Relations
Social Relations
Small Favours
Conflicts in the Field
Appearing Interested
Observing and Collecting Data
Watching and Listening
Observing
Listening
Taking Notes
Types of Field Notes
Jotted Notes
Direct Observation Notes
Researcher Inference Notes
Analytic Notes
Personal Notes
Maps and Diagrams
Machine Recordings to Supplement Memory
Data Quality
Trustworthiness of Data
Credibility
Transferability
Dependability
Confirmability
Focusing and Sampling
Focusing
Sampling
Leaving the Field
Ethical Dilemmas of Field Research
Deception
Confidentiality
Involvement with Deviants
Publishing Field Reports
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Chapter 14 Nonreactive Qualitative Research
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Historical research
Research Questions Appropriate for Historical Research
The Logic of Historical Research and Quantitative Research
Quantitative versus Historical Research
The Logic of Historical Research and Interpretive Research
A Distinct Historical Approach
Similarities to Field Research
Unique Features of Historical Research
Steps in a Historical Research Project
Conceptualizing the Object of Inquiry
Locating Evidence
Evaluating Quality of Evidence
Organizing Evidence
Synthesizing
Writing a Report
Data and Evidence in Historical Context
Types of Historical Evidence
Primary Sources
Secondary Sources
Running Records
Recollections
Research with Secondary Sources
Uses and Limitations
Potential Problems
Research with Primary Sources
Equivalence in Historical Research
The Importance of Equivalence
Contextual Equivalence
Conceptual Equivalence
The Qualitative Analysis of Text
Research Problems Appropriate for Qualitative Content Analysis
The Major Differences between Qualitative and Quantitative Content Analyses
The Different Types of Qualitative Content Analyses
Discourse Analysis
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Chapter 15 Analysis of Qualitative Data
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Comparing Methods of Data Analysis
Similarities
Differences
Explanations and Qualitative Data
Coding and Concept Formation
Conceptualization
Coding Qualitative Data
Analytical Memo Writing
Did I Do It Right?
Other Techniques
Flowchart and Time Sequence
Diagrams
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
Part IV Mixing Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
Chapter 16 Combining Methods in Social Science Research
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Overall Advantages and Disadvantages of the Quantitative Approaches
Advantages and Disadvantages of Specific Quantitative Approaches
Survey Research
Experiments
Nonreactive Methods
Overall Advantages and Disadvantages of Qualitative Approaches
Advantages and Disadvantages of Specific Qualitative Approaches
Qualitative Interviews
Focus Groups
Field Research
Historical Research
Qualitative Content Analysis
Mixing Methods in Qualitative-only and Quantitative-only Analyses
Mixing Quantitative Methods with Quantitative Methods
Mixing Qualitative Methods with Qualitative Methods
Mixing Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
The Stages of Mixed Methods Research
Priority and Sequence in Data Collection
Sequential and Concurrent as Procedure in Data Analysis
Sampling in Mixed Methods Designs
The Role of Theory in Mixed Methods Research
Theory in Sequential Mixed Methods Studies
Theory in Concurrent Mixed Methods Studies
Obtaining Conflicting Results
Arguments Against Mixing Methods
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises
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