Name: Test Bank for Modern Dental Assisting, 10th Edition: Bird
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ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1437717292
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1437717297
Author: Debbie S. Robinson

Prepare for a successful career as a dental assistant! Modern Dental Assisting is the leading text in dental assisting — the most trusted, the most comprehensive, and the most current. Using an easy-to-understand approach, this resource offers a complete foundation in the basic and advanced clinical skills you must master to achieve clinical competency. It describes dental assisting procedures with photographs and clear, step-by-step instructions. Along with the textbook, this complete learning package includes a companion Evolve website replete with learning exercises and games and a DVD with video clips of dental assisting procedures plus animations and review questions. Written by Doni Bird and Debbie Robinson, two well-known and well-respected dental assisting educators, this edition is also available as a Pageburst e-book.

Table of Content:

1 History of Dentistry
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
FIG. 1-1 Ancient Etruscan gold-banded bridge with built-in calf’s tooth.
Early Times
The Egyptians
The Greeks
TABLE 1-1 Highlights in the History of Dentistry
The Chinese
The Romans
The Renaissance
FIG. 1-2 Pierre Fauchard, the “Father of Modern Dentistry.”
Early America
FIG. 1-3 John Greenwood, dentist to George Washington, was the second son of Isaac Greenwood, who is regarded as the first native-born American dentist. John Greenwood served in the colonial army at age 14 during the Revolutionary War and later became a dentist.
FIG. 1-4 G.V. Black, the “Grand Old Man of Dentistry.”
Educational and Professional Development in the United States
FIG. 1-5 Black’s dental treatment room, as reconstructed in a Smithsonian exhibit.
FIG. 1-6 W.C. Roentgen discovered the early potential of a radiograph beam in 1895.
FIG. 1-7 Dental instrument kit belonging to Nellie E. Pooler Chapman. She practiced dentistry in Nevada City, California. She died in 1906.
Women in Dental History
TABLE 1-2 Highlights of Women in Dentistry
FIG. 1-8 Lucy B. Hobbs-Taylor, the first female graduate of dental school.
African Americans in Dental History
FIG. 1-9 Robert Tanner Freeman, the first African American graduate of Harvard School of Dental Medicine.
TABLE 1-3 Highlights of African Americans In Dentistry
FIG. 1-10 C. Edmund Kells and his “working unit,” about 1900. Assistant on the left is keeping cold air on the cavity, while assistant on the right mixes materials, and “secretary” records details.
History of Dental Assisting
FIG. 1-11 Hazel O. Torres, CDA, RDAEF, MA, founding coauthor of the Modern Dental Assisting textbook, shown here with her husband, Carl.
FIG. 1-12 Ann Ehrlich, CDA, MA, founding coauthor of the Modern Dental Assisting textbook.
History of Dental Hygiene
Dental Accreditation
National Museum of Dentistry
FIG. 1-13 Dental hygienist during the 1960s working in a standing position.
FIG. 1-14 Dental students at University of California San Francisco, School of Dentistry, treat patients in the dental clinic in the early 1900s.
FIG. 1-15 Modern dental-assisting students practicing chairside skills with their instructor in an accredited dental-assisting program.
FIG. 1-16 Dr. Samuel D. Harris National Museum of Dentistry.
▪ Legal and Ethical Implications
▪ Eye to the Future
▪ Critical Thinking
2 The Professional Dental Assistant
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Characteristics of a Professional Dental Assistant
FIG. 2-1 The dental assistant is an important member of the dental healthcare team.
Professional Appearance
FIG. 2-2 The professional dental assistant’s attire may vary depending on the duties performed. Left, Scrubs are acceptable at times. Center, Full personal protective wear is indicated for chairside procedures. Right, Surgical gowns may be indicated for surgery or hospital dentistry.
Knowledge and Skills
Guidelines for a Professional Appearance
Teamwork
Attitude
Dedication
Responsibility and Initiative
Confidentiality
Personal Qualities
Educational Requirements
Types of Programs
Career Opportunities
Employment Settings
Other Career Opportunities
Salaries
FIG. 2-3 Juliette A. Southard, founder of the American Dental Assistants Association (ADAA).
Professional Organizations
American Dental Assistants Association
Many Roles of Dental Assistants
Chairside Dental Assistant
Expanded-Functions Dental Assistant
Administrative Assistant
Check Your Personal Qualities as a Dental Assistant
Benefits of Membership
FIG. 2-4 The seal of the American Dental Assistants Association (ADAA).
Mission Statement of the American Dental Assistants Association (ADAA)
Where to Obtain More Information
Dental Assisting National Board
FIG. 2-5 Official logo of the Dental Assisting National Board (DANB).
FIG. 2-6 Official certificate of the certified dental assistant (CDA).
Certified Dental Assistant
Certified Dental Assistant (CDA) Examination
Certified Orthodontic Assistant (COA) Examination
Where to Obtain More Information
Benefits of DANB Certification
For the Patient
For the Dentist-Employer
For the Dental Assistant
▪ Eye to the Future
▪ Critical Thinking
3 The Dental Healthcare Team
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Roles and Responsibilities of Dental Healthcare Team Members
Dentist or Dental Specialist
Clinical Dental Assistant (Chairside Assistant, Circulating Assistant)
Expanded-Functions Dental Assistant (EFDA)
Dental Hygienist
Business Assistant (Administrative Assistant, Secretarial Assistant, Receptionist)
Dental Laboratory Technician
Dentist
Dental Specialist
Registered Dental Hygienist
FIG. 3-1 Dental hygienist performing an oral prophylaxis.
Dental Specialties Recognized by the American Dental Association
Dental Assistant
FIG. 3-2 Dentist and chairside dental assistant working together.
Clinical Dental Assistant
Chairside Assistant
Circulating Assistant
FIG. 3-3 Chairside dental assistant supported by a circulating dental assistant.
FIG. 3-4 Dental assistants find volunteering at community dental health events very rewarding.
Community Work
Sterilization Assistant
Expanded-Functions Dental Assistant
FIG. 3-5 A sterilization assistant is an important member of the team.
FIG. 3-6 Expanded-functions dental assistant (EFDA) removing excess cement.
Business Assistant
FIG. 3-7 A patient is greeted by the business assistant before meeting the dental hygienist.
FIG. 3-8 Dental laboratory technicians working in a large commercial dental laboratory.
Dental Laboratory Technician
Supporting Services
FIG. 3-9 Laboratory cases are stored in work pans. The dentist’s written laboratory prescription is posted on each work pan.
FIG. 3-10 A, Entrance to the treatment areas of a modern dental spa–type office. B, Reception area of a modern dental spa–type office.
▪ Legal and Ethical Implications
▪ Eye to the Future
▪ Critical Thinking
4 Dental Ethics
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Sources for Ethics
Basic Principles of Ethics
TABLE 4-1 Basic Ethical Principles
Regard for Self-Determination (Autonomy)
To “Do No Harm” (Nonmaleficence)
Promotion of Well-Being (Beneficence)
Regard for Justice
FIG. 4-1 Patients have the right to expect confidentiality regarding their conversations in the dental office.
Veracity
Confidentiality
Privacy
Continuing Education
Professional Code of Ethics
American Dental Assistants Association (ADAA)
Applying Ethical Principles
Ethical Dilemmas
Case Example
Steps for Solving Ethical Dilemmas
▪ Legal and Ethical Implications
▪ Eye to the Future
▪ Critical Thinking
5 Dentistry and the Law
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Statutory Law
Criminal Law
Civil Law
Contract Law
Tort Law
State Dental Practice Act
Contents of a Typical Dental Practice Act
Board of Dentistry
Expanded Functions and Supervision
Unlicensed Practice of Dentistry
Expanded Functions Delegated to Qualified Dental Assistants*
Dentist-Patient Relationship
Duty of Care/Standard of Care
Dentist’s Duty of Care to the Patient
Abandonment
Patient Responsibilities
Due Care
Malpractice
Acts of Omission and Commission
Doctrine of res ipsa loquitur
Risk Management
Avoiding Malpractice Lawsuits
“Silence Is Golden”
FIG. 5-1 An important role of the dental assistant is to facilitate good communication with the patient.
Guidelines for Informed Consent
Informed Patient Consent
Guidelines for Informed Consent
Informed Refusal
Exceptions to Disclosure
Informed Consent for Minors
Clinical Situations that Require Written Informed Consent
Documenting Informed Consent
Content of Informed Consent Forms
Patient Referral
Failure to Refer
Guarantees
Contributory Negligence
Patient Records
FIG. 5-2 Patient records must be handled with care.
Ownership of Dental Records and Radiographs
Guidelines for Charting Entries in Clinical Records
Reporting Abuse and Neglect
Child Abuse
FIG. 5-3 This boy was a victim of child abuse.
Domestic Violence
Elder Abuse
Dental Neglect
Indicators of Child Abuse and Neglect
Behavioral Indicators
Dental Neglect or Abuse
Other Indicators
Immunity
HIPAA
Purpose of HIPAA
HIPAA
Summary of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
▪ Legal and Ethical Implications
▪ Eye to the Future
▪ Critical Thinking
Part Two Sciences in Dentistry
Sciences in Dentistry
6 General Anatomy
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Planes and Body Directions
Structural Units
FIG. 6-1 Body in anatomical (anatomic) position.
TABLE 6-1 Directional Terms for the Human Body
FIG. 6-2 Organizational levels of the body. The human body develops from the simplest to the most complex forms.
Cells
Stem Cells
FIG. 6-3 Basic human cell.
FIG. 6-4 The evolution of a stem cell.
Stem Cells in Medicine
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Visualizing the Semipermeable Function of the Cell
Tissues
Organs
Body Systems
TABLE 6-2 Types of Tissues and Functions in the Body
FIG. 6-5 Spaces within the body that house specific organs are referred to as body cavities.
Body Cavities
Body Regions
▪ Legal and Ethical Implications
▪ Eye to the Future
▪ Critical Thinking
7 General Physiology
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Skeletal System
Bone
TABLE 7-1 Major Body Systems
TABLE 7-2 Disorders of the Skeletal System
FIG. 7-1 The skeletal system.
FIG. 7-2 The structure of bone.
Cartilage
FIG. 7-3 A, Cortical bone (arrows) appears hard and dense. B, Cancellous bone forms trabeculae (arrow).
Joints
Muscular System
Striated Muscle
FIG. 7-4 Types of joints. A, Ball-and-socket. B, Hinge. C, Gliding. D, Pivot. E, Saddle. F, Gomphosis.
TABLE 7-3 Disorders of the Muscular System
Smooth Muscle
FIG. 7-5 Muscles of the body, anterior view.
FIG. 7-6 Muscles of the body, posterior view.
Cardiac Muscle
Muscle Function
Cardiovascular System
TABLE 7-4 Disorders of the Heart
TABLE 7-5 Disorders of the Lymphatic System
Circulatory System
Heart
FIG. 7-7 The heart and great vessels.
FIG. 7-8 Coronary vessels.
Heart Chambers
Heart Valves
Blood Flow Through the Heart
Blood Vessels
Blood and Blood Cells
FIG. 7-9 Arteries carry blood from the heart to the body.
FIG. 7-10 Hematocrit.
Blood Typing and Rh Factor
Lymphatic System
Lymph Vessels
Lymph Nodes
Lymph Fluid
Lymphoid Organs
Tonsils
Spleen
FIG. 7-11 Lymphatic system.
Nervous System
TABLE 7-6 Disorders of the Nervous System
FIG. 7-12 The tonsils.
FIG. 7-13 Bell’s palsy. Paralysis of the facial muscles on the patient’s left side. A, The patient is trying to raise his eyebrows. B, The patient is attempting to close his eyes and smile.
Neurons
Central Nervous System
Brain
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Respiratory System
Structures
Nose
Pharynx
FIG. 7-14 The central nervous system.
TABLE 7-7 Disorders of the Respiratory System
FIG. 7-15 Structure of the respiratory system.
Epiglottis
Larynx
Trachea
Lungs
Digestive System
Digestive Process
TABLE 7-8 Disorders of the Digestive System
Structures
FIG. 7-16 Major structures of the digestive system.
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
Endocrine System
FIG. 7-17 Endocrine glands.
Urinary System
FIG. 7-18 The urinary system.
TABLE 7-9 Disorders of the Endocrine System
TABLE 7-10 Disorders of the Urinary System
Integumentary System
Skin Structures
TABLE 7-11 Disorders of the Integumentary System
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous Fat
Skin Appendages
Hair
Nails
Glands
FIG. 7-19 The three most common forms of skin cancer. A, Squamous cell. B, Basal cell. C, Malignant melanoma.
Reproductive System
Female
Male
TABLE 7-12 Disorders of the Female Reproductive System
TABLE 7-13 Disorders of the Male Reproductive System
Interaction Among the Ten Body Systems
▪ Legal and Ethical Implications
▪ Eye to the Future
▪ Critical Thinking
8 Oral Embryology and Histology
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Oral Embryology
FIG. 8-1 Periods and structures in prenatal development. Note that the size of the structures is neither accurate nor comparative.
Prenatal Development
FIG. 8-2 Sperm fertilizes the ovum and unites with it to form the zygote after the process of meiosis and during the first week of prenatal development. Chromosomes from the ovum and sperm join to form a zygote—a new individual.
FIG. 8-3 A fetus at various weeks of development.
Embryonic Development of the Face and Oral Cavity
TABLE 8-1 Developmental Disturbances
Primary Embryonic Layers
Structures Formed by Specialized Cells of Primary Embryonic Layers
Ectoderm (outer layer)
Mesoderm (middle layer)
Endoderm (inner layer)
Early Development of the Mouth
Branchial Arches
Hard and Soft Palates
FIG. 8-4 Scanning electron micrograph of the head and neck of an embryo at four weeks shows development of the brain, face, and heart. Note the stomodeum (ST), or “primitive mouth,” and the developing eye.
Facial Development
FIG. 8-5 A human embryo during the fifth week of development.
FIG. 8-6 Adult palate and developmental divisions.
Tooth Development
Developmental Disturbances
Genetic Factors
Environmental Factors
FIG. 8-7 A, An infant with a left unilateral complete cleft lip and palate. B, The infant after corrective surgeries are performed.
Known Teratogens Involved in Congenital Malformations
Facial Development After Birth
TABLE 8-2 Stages of Tooth Development
TABLE 8-3 Dental Developmental Disturbances
FIG. 8-8 Changes in facial contours from birth to adulthood.
FIG. 8-9 The mandible grows by displacement, resorption, and deposition. Note how space is created to accommodate the third molar.
Tooth Movement
Life Cycle of a Tooth
Growth Periods
FIG. 8-10 Process of orthodontic tooth movement.
Bud Stage
Cap Stage
Bell Stage
Calcification
Pits and Fissures
Eruption of Primary Teeth
Shedding of Primary Teeth
Eruption of Permanent Teeth
FIG. 8-11 A, Chronologic order of eruption of the primary dentition. B, Permanent dentition.
Oral Histology
Crown
FIG. 8-12 Stages in the process of tooth eruption. A, Oral cavity before the eruption process begins. Reduced enamel epithelium covers the newly formed enamel. B, Fusion of the reduced enamel epithelium with the oral epithelium. C, Disintegration of central fused tissue, leaving a tunnel for tooth movement. D, Coronal fused tissues peel back from the crown during eruption, leaving the initial junctional epithelium near the cementoenamel junction.
FIG. 8-13 Radiograph shows normal resorption of the roots of a mandibular primary molar before it is shed.
FIG. 8-14 Examples of mixed dentition with eruption of primary and permanent teeth.
Root
FIG. 8-15 Anterior (top or front) tooth and posterior (bottom or back) tooth show the dental tissues.
FIG. 8-16 A, The anatomic crown is the portion of the tooth that is covered with enamel and remains the same. B, The clinical crown is the portion of the tooth that is visible in the mouth and may vary because of changes in the position of the gingiva.
Enamel
Dentin
FIG. 8-17 Enamel rod, the basic unit of enamel. A, Relationship of the rod to enamel. B, Scanning electron micrograph of enamel shows head (H) and tail (T).
FIG. 8-18 Scanning electron micrograph of dentinal tubules.
Cementum
FIG. 8-19 The dental pulp.
Pulp
Periodontium
Attachment Apparatus
Alveolar Process
FIG. 8-20 Periodontium of the tooth with its components identified.
FIG. 8-21 Anatomy of the alveolar bone. A, Mandibular arch of a skull with the teeth removed. B, Portion of the maxilla of a skull with the teeth removed. C, Cross-section of the mandible with the teeth removed.
Periodontal Ligament
Supportive and Protective Functions
FIG. 8-22 The alveolar crest as it appears on a radiograph.
FIG. 8-23 Periodontal fiber groups.
Sensory Function
Nutritive Function
Formative and Resorptive Functions
Periodontal Ligament Fiber Groups
Periodontal Fiber Groups
Transseptal Fiber Groups
Gingival Fiber Groups
Gingival Unit
FIG. 8-24 Some of the fiber subgroups of the gingival fiber group: circular, dentogingival, alveologingival, and dentoperiosteal ligaments.
FIG. 8-25 A, A dense masticatory type of mucosa makes up the gingiva. B, The delicate lining type of mucosa covers the vestibule.
Lining Mucosa
Masticatory Mucosa
Specialized Mucosa
▪ Legal and Ethical Implications
▪ Eye to the Future
▪ Critical Thinking
9 Head and Neck Anatomy
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Regions of the Head
Bones of the Skull
FIG. 9-1 Regions of the head: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, orbital, nasal, infraorbital, zygomatic, buccal, oral, and mental.
Bones of the Cranium
Parietal Bones
Frontal Bone
Occipital Bone
Temporal Bones
TABLE 9-1 Bones of the Skull
Sphenoid Bone
TABLE 9-2 Terminology of Anatomic Landmarks of Bones
Ethmoid Bone
Auditory Ossicles
Bones of the Face
Zygomatic Bones
FIG. 9-2 Lateral view of the skull.1Anterior lacrimal crest2Anterior nasal spine3Body of mandible4Condyle of mandible5Coronal suture6Coronoid process of mandible7External acoustic meatus of temporal bone8External occipital protuberance (inion)9Fossa for lacrimal sac10Frontal bone11Frontal process of maxilla12Frontozygomatic suture13Glabella14Greater wing of sphenoid bone15Inferior temporal line16Lacrimal bone17Lambdoid suture18Mastoid process of temporal bone19Maxilla20Mental foramen21Mental protuberance22Nasal bone23Nasion24Occipital bone25Orbital part of ethmoid bone26Parietal bone27Pituitary fossa (sella turcica)28Posterior lacrimal crest29Pterion (encircled)30Ramus of mandible31Squamous part of temporal bone32Styloid process of temporal bone33Superior temporal line34Tympanic part of temporal bone35Zygomatic arch36Zygomatic bone37Zygomatic process of temporal bone
Maxillary Bones
Palatine Bones
FIG. 9-3 Frontal view of the skull.1Anterior nasal spine2Body of mandible3Frontal bone4Frontal notch5Frontal process of maxilla6Glabella7Greater wing of sphenoid bone8Infraorbital foramen9Infraorbital margin10Inferior nasal concha11Inferior orbital fissure12Lacrimal bone13Lesser wing of sphenoid bone14Maxilla15Mental foramen16Mental protuberance17Middle nasal concha18Nasal bone19Nasal septum20Nasion21Orbit (orbital cavity)22Ramus of mandible23Superior orbital fissure24Supraorbital foramen25Supraorbital margin26Zygomatic bone
Nasal Bones
FIG. 9-4 Posterior view of the skull.1External occipital protuberance (inion)2Highest nuchal line3Inferior nuchal line4Lambda5Lambdoid suture6Occipital bone7Parietal bone8Parietal foramen9Sagittal suture10Superior nuchal line
Lacrimal Bones
Vomer
FIG. 9-5 View of external base of the skull.1Apex of petrous part of temporal bone2Articular tubercle3Carotid canal4Condylar canal (posterior)5Edge of tegmen tympani6External acoustic meatus7External occipital crest8External occipital protuberance9Foramen lacerum10Foramen magnum11Foramen ovale12Foramen spinosum13Greater palatine foramen14Horizontal plate of palatine bone15Hypoglossal (anterior condylar) canal16Incisive fossa17Inferior nuchal line18Inferior orbital fissure19Infratemporal crest of greater wing of sphenoid bone20Jugular foramen21Lateral pterygoid plate22Lesser palatine foramina23Mandibular fossa24Mastoid foramen25Mastoid notch26Mastoid process27Medial pterygoid plate28Median palatine (intermaxillary) suture29Occipital condyle30Occipital groove31Palatine grooves and spines32Palatine process of maxilla33Palatinovaginal canal34Petrosquamous fissure35Petrotympanic fissure36Pharyngeal tubercle37Posterior border of vomer38Posterior nasal aperture (choana)39Posterior nasal spine40Pterygoid hamulus41Pyramidal process of palatine bone42Scaphoid fossa43Spine of sphenoid bone44Squamotympanic fissure45Squamous part of temporal bone46Styloid process47Stylomastoid foramen48Superior nuchal line49Transverse palatine (palatomaxillary) suture50Tuberosity of maxilla51Tympanic part of temporal bone52Vomerovaginal canal53Zygomatic arch
FIG. 9-6 Anterior view of the facial bones and overlying facial tissue.
FIG. 9-7 Bones and landmarks of the hard palate.
Nasal Conchae
Mandible
Hyoid Bone
FIG. 9-8 The mandible. A, From the front. B, From behind and above. C, From the left and front. D, Internal view from the left.1Alveolar part2Angle3Anterior border of ramus4Base5Body6Coronoid process7Digastric fossa8Head9Inferior border of ramus10Lingula11Mandibular foramen12Mandibular notch13Mental foramen14Mental protuberance15Mental tubercle16Mylohyoid groove17Mylohyoid line18Neck19Oblique line20Posterior border of ramus21Pterygoid fovea22Ramus23Sublingual fossa24Submandibular fossa25Superior and inferior mental spines (genial tubercles)
Postnatal Development
Fusion of Bones
Development of the Facial Bones
Mandible
Maxilla
Differences Between Male and Female Skulls
FIG. 9-9 The fetal skull. A, Anterior view. B, Lateral view. C, Posterior view.
FIG. 9-10 Stages of postnatal development of the human skull. A, Anterior view. B, Lateral view.
FIG. 9-11 Lateral view of the joint capsule of the temporomandibular joint and its lateral temporomandibular ligament. Note on the inset that the capsule has been removed to show the upper and lower synovial cavities and their relationship to the articular disc.
Temporomandibular Joints
FIG. 9-12 Hinge and gliding actions of the temporomandibular joint.
Capsular Ligament
Articular Space
Jaw Movement
Hinge Action
Gliding Movement
Temporomandibular Disorders
Symptoms
Pain
Joint Sounds
Limitations in Movement
FIG. 9-13 Palpation of the patient during movements of both temporomandibular joints.
TABLE 9-3 Categories of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs)
FIG. 9-14 Palpation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle by having the patient turn the head to the opposite side.
TABLE 9-4 Major Muscles of the Neck
FIG. 9-15 Major muscles of mastication include the temporalis and masseter muscles shown here.
Causes
Muscles of the Head and Neck
Major Muscles of the Neck
Major Muscles of Facial Expression
Major Muscles of Mastication
TABLE 9-5 Major Muscles of Facial Expression
TABLE 9-6 Major Muscles of Mastication
Muscles of the Floor of the Mouth
Muscles of the Tongue
TABLE 9-7 Muscles of the Floor of the Mouth
TABLE 9-8 Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
Muscles of the Soft Palate
FIG. 9-16 View from above the floor of the oral cavity showing the origin and insertion of the geniohyoid muscle.
Salivary Glands
Minor Salivary Glands
FIG. 9-17 Extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
TABLE 9-9 Major Muscles of the Soft Palate
Major Salivary Glands
FIG. 9-18 The salivary glands.
FIG. 9-19 Sialoliths. A, Occlusal radiograph showing a sialolith (arrow) in Wharton’s duct. B, Sialolith (arrow) in a minor salivary gland on the floor of the mouth.
Blood Supply to the Head and Neck
Major Arteries of the Face and Oral Cavity
External Carotid Artery
Facial Artery
Lingual Artery
FIG. 9-20 Major arteries and veins of the face and oral cavity.
TABLE 9-10 Major Arteries to the Face and Oral Cavity
Maxillary Artery
Mandibular Artery
Major Veins of the Face and Mouth
Clinical Considerations
Nerves of the Head and Neck
Cranial Nerves
FIG. 9-21 Facial paralysis resulting from damage to lower motor neurons of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII).
FIG. 9-22 The twelve cranial nerves.
Innervation of the Oral Cavity
Maxillary Division of Trigeminal Nerve
FIG. 9-23 Maxillary and mandibular innervation.
FIG. 9-24 Palatal, lingual, and buccal innervation.
Mandibular Division of Trigeminal Nerve
Lymph Nodes of the Head and Neck
Structure and Function
Superficial Lymph Nodes of the Head
Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes
Lymphadenopathy
FIG. 9-25 A, Superficial lymph nodes of the head and associated structures. B, Deep cervical lymph nodes and associated structures.
Clinical Considerations
Paranasal Sinuses
FIG. 9-26 The paranasal sinuses.
▪ Eye to the Future
▪ Critical Thinking
10 Landmarks of the Face and Oral Cavity
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Landmarks of the Face
Regions of the Face
Features of the Face
FIG. 10-1 Regions of the face. A, At rest. B, Smiling. See numbered list on pp. 131-132 for regions corresponding to number.
FIG. 10-2 Features of the face.
FIG. 10-3 Frontal view of the lips.
Skin
Lips
FIG. 10-4 Vestibule and vestibular tissue of the oral cavity.
Clinical Considerations
The Oral Cavity
FIG. 10-5 Buccal vestibule and buccal mucosa of the cheek. The opening of the parotid duct is seen opposite the second maxillary molar.
FIG. 10-6 View of gingivae and associated anatomic landmarks.
The Vestibule
Labial and Other Frenula
FIG. 10-7 Linea alba (arrow).
Gingiva
Unattached Gingiva
FIG. 10-8 It is normal for the color of the gingiva to vary according to the pigmentation of the individual.
FIG. 10-9 Close-up view of gingivae and associated anatomic landmarks.
Interdental Gingiva
Gingival Groove
Attached Gingiva
The Oral Cavity Proper
Hard Palate
FIG. 10-10 A, Surface features of the hard palate. B, Surface features of the soft palate.
Soft Palate
FIG. 10-11 Dorsum of the tongue.
FIG. 10-12 Sublingual aspect of the tongue.
Tongue
Clinical Considerations
Clinical Considerations
Taste Buds
Teeth
▪ Eye to the Future
▪ Critical Thinking
11 Overview of the Dentitions
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Dentition Periods
TABLE 11-1 Dentition Periods and Clinical Considerations
TABLE 11-2 Primary Dentition in Order of Eruption
Primary Dentition
FIG. 11-1 A, Example of the dentition in a 9-month-old child. B, Example of the complete primary dentition.
Mixed Dentition
FIG. 11-2 An example of the oral cavity during the mixed dentition period.
Permanent Dentition
Dental Arches
FIG. 11-3 Facial and buccal view of a permanent dentition.
TABLE 11-3 Permanent Dentition in Order of Eruption
Quadrants
Sextants
Anterior and Posterior Teeth
Types and Functions of Teeth
Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars
FIG. 11-4 A, Primary dentition separated into quadrants. B, Permanent dentition separated into quadrants.
Tooth Surfaces
FIG. 11-5 Permanent dentition separated into sextants.
Anatomic Features of Teeth
FIG. 11-6 A, Occlusal view of the permanent dentition. Types of teeth are identified through the Universal/National System. B, Occlusal view of the primary dentition.
FIG. 11-7 Surfaces of the teeth and their relationships to other oral cavity structures, to the midline, and to other teeth.
Contours
Facial and Lingual Contours
Mesial and Distal Contours
Contacts
FIG. 11-8 Tooth contours. A, Normal contour. B, Inadequate contour. C, Overcontouring.
FIG. 11-9 Example of a permanent anterior tooth with the contact area