Test Bank for Personality Classic Theories and Modern Research 5th Edition by Friedman

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  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0205050174
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0205050178
  • Author:  Howard S. Friedman, Miriam W. Schustack

This successful text puts “personality” back into the personality course, integrating the classic insights of the personality theorists with modern research in a manner that will fascinate and encourage deeper thought.

This text explores classic theory from a perspective that encourages critical thinking and fosters intellectual insight with respect to human nature. For example, it shows the relevance of classic theory to topics of personality and culture, evolution, ego, gender, and person-situation interactionism.

Employing the highest scientific standards, Personality also uses a wide range of unique and provocative pedagogical devices that have been shown to motivate students. Hailed as the best-written, most relevant personality textbook on the market, Friedman and Schustack’s fourth edition brings the field of personality to today’s diverse student body.

 

Table of Content:

  1. About the Authors
  2. 1 What Is Personality?
  3. 1.1: Personality and Science
  4. 1.1.1: Where Do Personality Theories Come From?
  5. 1.2: Preview of the Perspectives
  6. 1.2.1: Overview of the Eight Perspectives
  7. 1.2.2: Are Personality Aspects Really Separable?
  8. 1.3: A Brief History of Personality Psychology
  9. 1.3.1: Theater and Self-Presentation
  10. 1.3.2: Religion
  11. 1.3.3: Evolutionary Biology
  12. 1.3.4: Testing
  13. 1.3.5: Modern Theory
  14. 1.4: The Unconscious, the Self, Uniqueness, Gender, Situations, and Culture
  15. 1.4.1: Is Personality a Useful Concept?
  16. 1.5: Personality in Context
  17. Conclusion: What Is Personality?
  18. 2 How Is Personality Studied and Assessed?
  19. 2.1: Measuring Personality
  20. 2.1.1: Reliability
  21. 2.1.2: Construct Validity
  22. 2.2: Bias
  23. 2.2.1: Response Sets
  24. 2.3: Varieties of Personality Measures
  25. 2.3.1: Self-Report Tests
  26. 2.3.2: Q-Sort Tests
  27. 2.3.3: Ratings and Judgments by Others
  28. 2.3.4: Biological Measures
  29. 2.3.5: Behavioral Observations
  30. 2.3.6: Interviews
  31. 2.3.7: Expressive Behavior
  32. 2.3.8: Document Analysis and Biographical Studies
  33. 2.3.9: Projective Tests
  34. 2.3.10: Demographics and Lifestyle
  35. 2.3.11: Online Internet Analysis of Social Media and Big Data
  36. 2.3.12: Is There One Best Method of Assessment?
  37. 2.4: How Not to Test Personality
  38. 2.5: The Design of Research
  39. 2.5.1: Case Studies
  40. 2.5.2: Correlational Studies
  41. 2.5.3: Experimental Studies
  42. 2.6: The Ethics of Personality Testing
  43. Conclusion: How Is Personality Studied and Assessed?
  44. 3 Psychoanalytic Aspects of Personality
  45. 3.1: Basic Psychoanalytic Concepts
  46. 3.1.1: The Unconscious and Therapeutic Techniques
  47. 3.1.2: The Structure of the Mind
  48. 3.2: Psychosexual Development
  49. 3.2.1: Oral Stage
  50. 3.2.2: Anal Stage
  51. 3.2.3: Phallic Stage
  52. 3.2.4: Latency Period
  53. 3.2.5: Genital Stage
  54. 3.3: Male Versus Female
  55. 3.4: Defense Mechanisms
  56. 3.4.1: Repression
  57. 3.4.2: Reaction Formation
  58. 3.4.3: Denial
  59. 3.4.4: Projection
  60. 3.4.5: Displacement
  61. 3.4.6: Sublimation
  62. 3.4.7: Regression
  63. 3.4.8: Rationalization
  64. 3.5: Cross-Cultural Issues
  65. 3.6: Major Contributions and Limitations of Freudian Psychoanalysis
  66. 3.7: Modern Developments from Experimental Psychology
  67. 3.7.1: Unconscious Emotion and Motivation
  68. 3.7.2: Illusion of Free Will
  69. 3.7.3: Hypermnesia
  70. 3.7.4: Infantile Amnesia
  71. 3.7.5: Memory
  72. 3.7.6: Amnesia
  73. Conclusion: Psychoanalytic Aspects of Personality
  74. 4 Neo-Analytic and Ego Aspects of Personality
  75. 4.1: Carl G. Jung and Selfhood
  76. 4.1.1: Background to Jung’s Approach
  77. 4.1.2: Jung’s Analytic Psychology
  78. 4.2: Alfred Adler
  79. 4.2.1: Adler’s Differences with Freudian Theory
  80. 4.2.2: Adler’s Individual Psychology
  81. 4.3: Karen Horney-Culture and Feminism
  82. 4.3.1: Rejection of Penis Envy
  83. 4.3.2: Basic Anxiety
  84. 4.3.3: The Self
  85. 4.3.4: Neurotic Coping Strategies
  86. 4.3.5: Horney’s Impact on Psychoanalytic Thinking
  87. 4.4: Anna Freud and Heinz Hartmann
  88. 4.5: Object Relations Theories
  89. 4.5.1: Margaret Mahler and Symbiosis
  90. 4.5.2: Melanie Klein, Heinz Kohut, and the Relational Perspective
  91. 4.5.3: The Contributions of Object Relations Approaches
  92. 4.6: Erik Erikson-Life-Span Identity and Identity Crises
  93. 4.6.1: Erikson’s Life Path
  94. 4.6.2: Identity Formation and Ego Crises
  95. 4.7: Modern Approaches to Identity
  96. 4.7.1: Personal and Social Identity
  97. 4.7.2: The Role of Goals and Life Tasks
  98. 4.7.3: Possible Selves and the Search for a Meaningful Life
  99. Conclusion: Neo-Analytic and Ego Aspects of Personality
  100. 5 Biological Aspects of Personality
  101. 5.1: Direct Genetic Effects
  102. 5.1.1: Natural Selection and Functionalism
  103. 5.1.2: Angelman Syndrome
  104. 5.1.3: Behavioral Genomics
  105. 5.2: Genetic Effects through Temperament
  106. 5.2.1: Activity, Emotionality, Sociability, Impulsivity
  107. 5.2.2: Eysenck’s Model of Nervous System Temperament
  108. 5.2.3: Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory
  109. 5.2.4: Sensation Seeking and Addiction-Proneness
  110. 5.3: Twins as a Source of Data
  111. 5.3.1: Sir Francis Galton
  112. 5.3.2: Minnesota Twin Study
  113. 5.3.3: Nurture and Nonshared Environmental Variance
  114. 5.3.4: Epigenetics
  115. 5.3.5: Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, Depression
  116. 5.4: Sexual Identity and Sexual Orientation
  117. 5.4.1: Reproductive Advantage
  118. 5.4.2: Hormones and Experience
  119. 5.5: Mediated Effects of Biology
  120. 5.5.1: Effects through Environmental Toxins
  121. 5.5.2: Effects through Physical Illness
  122. 5.5.3: Effects from Legal and Illegal Drugs
  123. 5.6: Effects from Creation of Environments
  124. 5.6.1: Tropisms
  125. 5.7: Effects from Reactions of Others
  126. 5.7.1: Physical Attractiveness Stereotype
  127. 5.8: Sociobiology
  128. 5.8.1: Cinderella Effect
  129. 5.9: Darwinism and Social Darwinism
  130. 5.9.1: Culture, Nazis, and “Superior Races”
  131. 5.9.2: The Human Genome and Eugenics
  132. Conclusion: Biological Aspects of Personality
  133. 6 Behaviorist and Learning Aspects of Personality
  134. 6.1: The Classical Conditioning of Personality
  135. 6.1.1: Conditioning a Response to a Stimulus
  136. 6.1.2: Behavioral Patterns as a Result of Conditioning
  137. 6.1.3: Extinction Processes
  138. 6.1.4: Conditioning of Neurotic Behavior
  139. 6.1.5: Complexities in Application of Conditioning Principles
  140. 6.2: The Origins of Behaviorist Approaches
  141. 6.2.1: The Rejection of Introspection
  142. 6.2.2: Conditioned Fear and Systematic Desensitization
  143. 6.3: The Radical Behaviorism of B. F. Skinner
  144. 6.3.1: Operant Conditioning as an Alternative Description of Personality
  145. 6.3.2: Controlling the Reinforcement
  146. 6.3.3: Skinner’s Behaviorist Utopia
  147. 6.4: Applying Behaviorism
  148. 6.4.1: Internal Processes, External Causation, and Free Will
  149. 6.5: Other Learning Approaches to Personality
  150. 6.5.1: The Role of Internal Drives
  151. 6.5.2: Social Learning Theory: Dollard and Miller
  152. 6.5.3: Habit Hierarchies
  153. 6.5.4: Drive Conflict
  154. 6.5.5: Patterns of Child-Rearing and Personality
  155. 6.5.6: Modern Behaviorist Personality Approaches
  156. 6.6: Evaluation
  157. Conclusion: Behaviorist and Learning Aspects of Personality
  158. 7 Cognitive and Social-Cognitive Aspects of Personality
  159. 7.1: Roots of Cognitive Approaches
  160. 7.1.1: Roots in Gestalt Psychology
  161. 7.1.2: Kurt Lewin’s Field Theory
  162. 7.1.3: Cognitive Style Variables
  163. 7.2: Cognitive and Perceptual Mechanisms
  164. 7.2.1: Schema Theory
  165. 7.2.2: Categorization
  166. 7.2.3: Control of Attention
  167. 7.2.4: Individual Differences in Attention: ADHD
  168. 7.2.5: Cognitive Influences on Interpersonal Relationships
  169. 7.3: Humans as Scientists: George Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory
  170. 7.3.1: Individuals as Amateur Personality Theorists
  171. 7.3.2: The Role Construct Repertory Test
  172. 7.4: Social Intelligence
  173. 7.5: Explanatory Style as a Personality Variable
  174. 7.5.1: Optimism and Pessimism
  175. 7.5.2: Learned Helplessness and Learned Optimism
  176. 7.6: Julian Rotter’s Locus of Control Approach
  177. 7.6.1: Generalized Versus Specific Expectancies
  178. 7.6.2: The Role of Reinforcements and the Psychological Situation
  179. 7.6.3: Locus of Control
  180. 7.7: Albert Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Learning Theory
  181. 7.7.1: The Self-System
  182. 7.7.2: Observational Learning
  183. 7.7.3: Self-Efficacy
  184. 7.7.4: Self-Regulation Processes
  185. 7.8: Humans as Computers
  186. Conclusion: Cognitive and Social-Cognitive Aspects of Personality
  187. 8 Trait Aspects of Personality
  188. 8.1: The History of Trait Approaches
  189. 8.1.1: Jung’s Extroversion and Introversion
  190. 8.1.2: The Use of Statistics
  191. 8.1.3: Q-data, T-data, L-data, and the 16PF
  192. 8.2: Gordon Allport’s Trait Psychology
  193. 8.2.1: The Importance of Culture
  194. 8.2.2: Functional Equivalence
  195. 8.2.3: Common Traits
  196. 8.2.4: Personal Dispositions
  197. 8.3: A Contemporary Trait Approach: The Big Five
  198. 8.3.1: How Was the Big Five Model Developed?
  199. 8.3.2: Career Pathways and Other Important Outcomes
  200. 8.3.3: More Than Five? Fewer Than Five?
  201. 8.3.4: Eysenck’s Big Three and Related Alternatives
  202. 8.3.5: Evidence for Eysenck’s Approach
  203. 8.4: Personality Judgments
  204. 8.4.1: Consensus in Personality Judgments
  205. 8.4.2: Limits of Trait Conceptions
  206. 8.5: Types
  207. 8.6: Motives
  208. 8.6.1: Measuring Motivation
  209. 8.6.2: Motivational Approach to Traits
  210. 8.7: Expressive Style
  211. 8.7.1: Emotional Expressiveness
  212. 8.7.2: Dominance, Leadership, Influence
  213. 8.7.3: Expressiveness and Health
  214. Conclusion: Trait Aspects of Personality
  215. 9 Humanistic, Existential, and Positive Aspects of Personality
  216. 9.1: Existentialism
  217. 9.1.1: The Phenomenological View
  218. 9.2: Humanism
  219. 9.2.1: Creativity and Flow
  220. 9.2.2: Relations with Other People Define Our Humanness
  221. 9.3: Love as a Central Focus of Life: Erich Fromm
  222. 9.3.1: Loving as an Art
  223. 9.3.2: Dialectical Humanism
  224. 9.3.3: Evidence Supporting Fromm’s Approach? The Age of Anxiety?
  225. 9.4: Responsibility: Carl Rogers
  226. 9.4.1: Growth, Inner Control, and the Experiencing Person
  227. 9.4.2: Rogerian Therapy and Becoming One’s Self
  228. 9.5: Anxiety and Dread
  229. 9.5.1: Anxiety, Threat, and Powerlessness
  230. 9.5.2: Personal Choice
  231. 9.6: Self-Actualization
  232. 9.6.1: Early Ideas about Self-Actualization in Jung’s Work
  233. 9.6.2: Peak Experiences
  234. 9.6.3: The Internal Push for Self-Actualization
  235. 9.6.4: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
  236. 9.6.5: Measuring Self-Actualization
  237. 9.7: Happiness and Positive Psychology
  238. 9.7.1: Positive Psychology
  239. 9.7.2: The American Paradox and Hedonic Adaptation
  240. 9.7.3: Flourishing and the PERMA Model
  241. 9.8: Further Evaluation of Existential-Humanistic Approaches
  242. Conclusion: Humanistic, Existential, and Positive Aspects of Personality
  243. 10 Person-Situation Interactionist Aspects of Personality
  244. 10.1: Interpersonal Psychiatry
  245. 10.1.1: Interpersonal Psychiatry Contrasted with Psychoanalytic Theory
  246. 10.1.2: Personality as a Pattern of Interpersonal Interactions
  247. 10.2: Motivation and Goals
  248. 10.2.1: The Personological System
  249. 10.2.2: Thema
  250. 10.2.3: The Narrative Approach
  251. 10.3: Modern Interactionist Approaches Begin
  252. 10.3.1: Mischel’s Critique
  253. 10.3.2: Mischel’s Theory
  254. 10.3.3: Validity of Traits
  255. 10.4: The Power of Situations
  256. 10.4.1: Trait Relevance and the “Personality” of Situations
  257. 10.4.2: Consistency Averaged Across Situations
  258. 10.4.3: Mirror Neurons
  259. 10.4.4: Personal Versus Social Situations
  260. 10.4.5: Seeking and Creating Situations
  261. 10.5: The Importance of Longitudinal Study
  262. 10.5.1: The Life-Course Approach
  263. 10.5.2: Readiness
  264. 10.6: Interactions and Development
  265. 10.6.1: Unpredictability of Human Behavior
  266. Conclusion: Person-Situation Interactionist Aspects of Personality
  267. 11 Male-Female Differences
  268. 11.1: Do Males and Females Differ?
  269. 11.1.1: Evidence for Gender Differences
  270. 11.2: A Brief History of Gender Difference in Personality
  271. 11.2.1: Nineteenth-Century Views
  272. 11.3: Biological Influences on Gender Differences
  273. 11.3.1: The Effects of Prenatal Sex Hormones on Gender Behavior
  274. 11.3.2: The Influence of Hormones During and After Puberty
  275. 11.4: Gender Differences in Personality from the Eight Perspectives
  276. 11.4.1: The Psychoanalytic Approach
  277. 11.4.2: The Neo-Analytic Approaches
  278. 11.4.3: Biological/Evolutionary Approaches
  279. 11.4.4: The Behaviorist Approach
  280. 11.4.5: The Cognitive Approach
  281. 11.4.6: Trait Approaches to Masculinity and Femininity
  282. 11.4.7: Humanistic Approaches
  283. 11.4.8: Interactionist Approaches
  284. 11.5: Cross-Cultural Studies of Gender Differences
  285. 11.6: Love and Sexual Behavior
  286. Conclusion: Male-Female Differences
  287. 12 Stress, Adjustment, and Health Differences
  288. 12.1: Disease-Prone Personalities
  289. 12.1.1: Health Behaviors and Healthy Environments
  290. 12.1.2: The Sick Role
  291. 12.1.3: Disease-Caused Personality Changes
  292. 12.1.4: Diathesis-Stress
  293. 12.1.5: Personality Disorders
  294. 12.2: Personality, Coronary-Proneness, and Other Disease
  295. 12.2.1: Type A Behavior Pattern and Choleric Struggle
  296. 12.2.2: Giving Up
  297. 12.2.3: Other Diseases
  298. 12.3: The Human Termites
  299. 12.3.1: Conscientiousness
  300. 12.3.2: Sociability
  301. 12.3.3: Cheerfulness
  302. 12.3.4: Stressed Termites
  303. 12.3.5: Mental Health
  304. 12.4: Blaming the Victim
  305. 12.5: The Self-Healing Personality
  306. 12.5.1: Control, Commitment, and Challenge
  307. 12.5.2: Trust and Devotion
  308. 12.6: The Humanistic and Existential Aspects of Understanding Self-Healing
  309. 12.6.1: Growth Orientation
  310. 12.6.2: Identity, Morality, and Purpose
  311. 12.6.3: Sense of Coherence
  312. Conclusion: Stress, Adjustment, and Health Differences
  313. 13 Culture, Religion, and Ethnicity
  314. 13.1: Group Influence
  315. 13.1.1: Cultural Effects
  316. 13.2: History of Research on Personality and Culture
  317. 13.2.1: Contributions from Cultural Anthropology
  318. 13.2.2: Emic Versus Etic Approaches
  319. 13.3: Collectivist and Individualistic
  320. 13.4: Errors of Scientific Inference
  321. 13.4.1: Race as a Flawed Approach to Grouping People
  322. 13.4.2: The American Dilemma
  323. 13.5: Religion
  324. 13.6: Socioeconomic Influences on Personality
  325. 13.6.1: Karl Marx and Alienation
  326. 13.7: Language as a Cultural Influence
  327. 13.7.1: Language and Identity
  328. 13.7.2: Creating a Culture through Shared Language
  329. 13.7.3: Language as Politics
  330. 13.7.4: Language and Thought
  331. 13.7.5: Bilingualism
  332. 13.7.6: Language and Social Interaction
  333. 13.7.7: Gender and Language
  334. 13.8: Culture and Testing
  335. 13.8.1: Culture-Free and Culture-Fair Tests
  336. 13.8.2: Stereotype Threat
  337. 13.9: A More General Model of Personality and Culture
  338. 13.9.1: Incorporating Culture into Personality Theory
  339. 13.9.2: Culture and Humanity
  340. 13.9.3: Culture and Theory
  341. 13.10: Recent Research Directions
  342. 13.10.1: The Situation May Elicit Cultural Differences
  343. 13.10.2: Ethnic Socialization
  344. Conclusion: Culture, Religion, and Ethnicity
  345. 14 Love and Hate
  346. 14.1: The Personality of Hate
  347. 14.1.1: Biological Explanations of Hate
  348. 14.1.2: Psychoanalytic Approaches to Hate
  349. 14.1.3: Neo-Analytic Views of Hate
  350. 14.1.4: Hate and Authoritarianism
  351. 14.1.5: The Humanistic Perspective on Hate
  352. 14.1.6: Hatred as a Trait
  353. 14.1.7: Cognitive Approaches to Hate
  354. 14.1.8: Learning Theory
  355. 14.1.9: Cultural Differences in Hatred
  356. 14.2: Evaluating Hate
  357. 14.3: The Personality of Love
  358. 14.3.1: Psychoanalytic Explanations for Love
  359. 14.3.2: Neo-Analytic Explanations for Love
  360. 14.3.3: Cognitive Approaches to Love
  361. 14.3.4: Humanistic-Existential Perspectives on Love
  362. 14.3.5: Cultural Differences in Love
  363. 14.3.6: The Trait and Interactionist Approaches
  364. 14.4: Love Gone Wrong
  365. Conclusion: Love and Hate
  366. 15 Where Will We Find Personality?
  367. 15.1: The Brave New World of Personality
  368. 15.1.1: Drugs and Designer Personalities
  369. 15.1.2: A Utopian World Versus Abuse of Reward and Punishment
  370. 15.1.3: Genetic Superhumans
  371. 15.1.4: Can I Change My Personality?
  372. 15.1.5: Some Applications of Personality Psychology
  373. 15.2: The Eight Perspectives Revisited
  374. 15.2.1: Is There One Correct Perspective?
  375. 15.2.2: Are There Exactly Eight Perspectives?
  376. 15.2.3: Can the Perspectives Be Merged?
  377. Conclusion: Where Will We Find Personality?
  378. Glossary

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