This is completed downloadable of Test Bank for Social Psychology, Fourth Edition
Product Details:
- ISBN-10 : 0393906159
- ISBN-13 : 978-0393906158
- Author:
Written by four award-winning teachers and researchers who represent the breadth and depth of the field, Social Psychology, Fourth Edition, encourages students to become critical thinkers about the research, theories, and applications of social psychology. The new formative, adaptive learning tool, InQuizitive, keeps students learning and interacting with content in a variety of ways to improve student comprehension.
Table of Content:
- 1 What Is Social Psychology?
- A Definition of Social Psychology
- The Scientific Study …
- …of the Effects of Social and Cognitive Processes …
- …on the Way Individuals Perceive, Influence, and Relate to Others
- Historical Trends and Current Themes in Social Psychology
- Social Psychology Becomes an Empirical Science
- Social Psychology Splits from General Psychology Over What Causes Behavior
- The Rise of Nazism Shapes the Development of Social Psychology
- Growth and Integration
- Integration of Cognitive and Social Processes
- Integration with Other Research Trends
- Integration of Basic Science and Social Problems
- How the Approach of This Book Reflects an Integrative Perspective
- Two Fundamental Axioms of Social Psychology
- Construction of Reality
- Pervasiveness of Social Influence
- Three Motivational Principles
- People Strive for Mastery
- People Seek Connectedness
- People Value “Me and Mine”
- Three Processing Principles
- Conservatism: Established Views Are Slow to Change
- Accessibility: Accessible Information Has the Most Impact
- Superficiality Versus Depth: People Can Process Superficially or In Depth
- Common Processes, Diverse Behaviors
- Plan Of The Book
- Summary
- 2 Asking and Answering Research Questions
- A Note to the Student on How to Use This Chapter
- Research Questions and the Role of Theory
- Origins of Research Questions
- What Is a Scientific Theory?
- How Research Tests Theories
- Construct Validity and Measurement
- Threats to Construct Validity
- Ensuring Construct Validity by Using Appropriate Measures
- Ensuring Construct Validity by Using Multiple Measures
- Internal Validity and Types of Research Design
- Threats to Internal Validity
- Ensuring Internal Validity
- Experimental Versus Nonexperimental Research Designs
- External Validity and Research Populations and Settings
- Generalizing to Versus Generalizing Across People and Places
- External Validity and Research Participants
- Cultures and External Validity
- External Validity and Laboratory Research
- External Validity and Nonlaboratory Research
- Ensuring External Validity
- Evaluating Theories: The Bottom Line
- The Importance of Replication
- Competition with Other Theories
- Getting the Bias Out
- The Role of Ethics and Values in Research
- Being Fair to Participants
- The Use of Deception in Research
- Being Helpful to Society
- Concluding Comments
- Summary
- 3 Perceiving Individuals
- Forming First Impressions: Cues, Interpretations, and Inferences
- The Raw Materials of First Impressions
- Impressions From Physical Appearance
- Social Psychology in Practice: Physical Appearance in the Workplace
- Impressions from Nonverbal Communication
- Detection of Deception
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: Can You Judge a Book by Its Cover?
- Impressions from Familiarity
- Social Psychology in Practice: Lie Detection in the Legal System
- Impressions from Environments
- Impressions from Behavior
- Which Cues Capture Attention?
- Automatic Interpretations of Cues
- The Role of Associations in Interpretation
- The Role of Accessibility in Interpretation
- Accessibility from Concurrent Activation
- Accessibility from Recent Activation
- Accessibility from Frequent Activation
- Social Psychology in Practice: Accessibility of Sexism from the Media
- Characterizing the Behaving Person: Correspondent Inferences
- When Is a Correspondent Inference Justified?
- The Correspondence Bias: People Are What They Do
- Limits on the Correspondence Bias
- Social Psychology in Practice: Correspondence Bias in the Workplace
- Beyond First Impressions: Systematic Processing
- Causal Attributions
- Sources of Attribution
- Social Psychology and Culture: Cultural Differences in Attributions
- Using Attributions to Correct First Impressions
- Putting It All Together: Forming Complex Impressions
- Integrating Multiple Traits
- Integrating the Good and the Bad
- The Accuracy of Considered Impressions
- Motive for Accuracy
- Motives for Connectedness and Valuing Me and Mine
- Attempting to Undo Biases
- The Impact of Impressions: Using, Defending, and Changing Impressions
- Using Impressions
- Superficial Processing: Using a Single Attribute
- Systematic Processing: Integrating Multiple Factors
- Defending Impressions
- Impressions Shape Interpretations
- Impressions Resist Rebuttal
- Social Psychology in Practice: Perseverance in the Courtroom
- Selectively Seeking Impression-Consistent Behavior
- Creating Impression-Consistent Behavior: The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
- Social Psychology in Practice: Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in the Classroom
- Limits on the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
- Dealing with Inconsistent Information
- Reconciling Inconsistencies
- Integrating Inconsistencies
- Altering Impressions: Is Fundamental Change Possible?
- Social Psychology and Culture: Culture and Perceptions of Change
- Concluding Comments
- Summary
- 4 The Self
- Constructing the Self-Concept: Learning Who We Are
- Sources of the Self-Concept
- Learning Who We Are from Our Own Behavior
- Learning Who We Are from Thoughts and Feelings
- Learning Who We Are from Other People’s Reactions
- Learning Who We Are from Social Comparison
- Learning About Self and Others: The Same or Different?
- Differences in Cues and Knowledge
- Differences in Inferences
- Similar Shortcomings: More Is Not Always Better
- Multiple Selves
- Putting It All Together: Constructing a Coherent Self-Concept
- Social Psychology and Culture: Cultural Differences in the Self Concept
- Constructing Self-Esteem: How We Feel about Ourselves
- Balancing Accuracy and Enhancement
- Evaluating Personal Experiences: Some Pain but Mainly Gain
- Social Comparisons: Better or Worse than Others?
- Why Self-Enhance?
- Social Psychology and Culture: Self-Esteem and Self-Enhancement in Cultural Context
- Effects of the Self: Self-Regulation
- The Self and Thoughts About Ourselves and Others
- The Self and Emotions
- How Do Emotions Arise?
- Appraisals, Emotions, Bodily Responses: All Together Now
- The Self in Action: Regulating Behavior
- Self-Expression and Self-Presentation
- Personality Differences In Preference for Self Expression and Self Presentation: Self-Monitoring
- Regulating Behavior to Achieve a Desired Self
- From Self to Behavior, and Back Again
- Temptations That May Derail Self-Regulation
- Negative Effects of Not Reaching Goals
- Defending the Self: Coping With Stresses, Inconsistencies, and Failures
- Threats to the Well-Being of the Self
- Emotional and Physical Effects of Threat
- Threat and Appraisals of Control
- Social Psychology in Practice: Control and Depression
- Defending Against Threat: Emotion-Focused Coping
- Escaping from Threat
- Downplaying Threat By Focusing on the More Positive Aspects of the Self
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: Awareness of Personal Mortality as a Psychological Threat
- Working Through Threat by Writing About It
- Tend and Befriend
- Attacking Threat Head-On: Problem-Focused Coping
- Making Excuses: It’s Not My Fault
- Self-Handicapping
- Taking Control of the Problem
- Social Psychology in Practice: Control and Life Goals
- How to Cope?
- Self-Esteem as a Resource for Coping
- Controllability and Coping
- Concluding Comments
- Summary
- 5 Perceiving Groups
- Targets of Prejudice: Social Groups
- Social Categorization: Dividing the World into Social Groups
- Forming Impressions of Groups: Establishing Stereotypes
- The Content of Stereotypes
- Stereotypes Include Many Types of Characteristics
- Stereotypes Can Be Either Positive or Negative
- Stereotypes Can Be Accurate or Inaccurate
- Seeking the Motives behind Stereotyping
- Motives for Forming Stereotypes: Mastery through Summarizing Personal Experiences
- Between-Group Interactions Generate Emotion
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: Stressful Effects of Cross-Racial Interaction
- People Notice Some Members More Than Others
- Some Information Attracts More Attention Than Other Information
- Social Roles Trigger Correspondence Biases
- Social Roles and Gender Stereotypes
- Learning Stereotypes from the Media
- Gender Stereotypes and the Media
- Motives for Forming Stereotypes: Connectedness to Others
- Learning Stereotypes from Others
- Social Communication of Stereotypes
- Motives for Forming Stereotypes: Justifying Inequalities
- USING STEREOTYPES: FROM PRECONCEPTIONS TO PREJUDICE
- Activation of Stereotypes and Prejudice
- What Activates Stereotypes?
- Stereotypes Can Be Activated Automatically
- Prejudice Can Be Activated Automatically
- Measuring Stereotypes and Prejudice
- Impact of Stereotypes on Judgments and Actions
- Effects of Cognitive Capacity
- Effects of Emotion
- Effects of Power
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: Intersections of Race and Gender Categories
- Trying to Overcome Prejudice and Stereotype Effects
- Suppressing Stereotypes and Prejudice
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: Who Can Suppress Stereotype Activation?
- Correcting Biased Judgments
- Activating Counterstereotypic Information
- Beyond Simple Activation: Effects of Stereotypes on Considered Judgments
- Seeking Evidence to Confirm The Stereotype: Just Tell Me Where to Look
- Interpreting Evidence to Fit the Stereotype: Well, If You Look at It That Way
- Comparing Information to Stereotypic Standards: That Looks Good, for a Group Member
- Constraining Evidence to Fit the Stereotype: The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
- Social Psychology in Practice: Self-Fulfilling Prophecies in School and at Work
- Changing Stereotypes and Reducing Prejudice
- Barriers to Stereotype Change
- Explaining Away Inconsistent Information
- Compartmentalizing Inconsistent Information
- Differentiating Atypical Group Members: Contrast Effects
- Overcoming Stereotype Defenses: The Kind of Contact that Works
- Repeated Inconsistency: An Antidote for “Explaining Away”
- Widespread Inconsistency: An Antidote for Subtyping
- Being Typical as Well as Inconsistent: An Antidote for Contrast Effects
- Reducing Prejudice Through Contact
- Social Psychology in Practice: Intergroup Contact in the Wild
- Concluding Comments
- Summary
- 6 Social Identity
- Categorizing Oneself as a Group Member
- Learning About Our Groups
- Feeling Like a Group Member
- Direct Reminders of Membership
- Presence of Out-Group Members
- Being a Minority
- Conflict or Rivalry
- Social Psychology and Culture: Cultural Differences in the Importance of Group Membership
- Me, You, and Them: Effects of Social Categorization
- “I” Becomes “We”: Social Categorization and the Self
- Seeing Oneself as a Group Member
- Liking Ourselves: Social Identity and Self-Esteem
- Social Identity and Emotions
- Balancing Individuality and Connectedness
- Others Become “We”: Social Categorization and the In-Group
- Perceiving Fellow In-Group Members
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: Is the Self Similar to In-Group, or Is the In-Group Similar to Self?
- Liking-In-Group Members: To Be Us Is to Be Lovable
- Treating the In-Group Right: Justice and Altruism
- Others Become “They”: Social Categorization and the Out-Group
- Perceiving the Out-Group as Homogeneous: “They’re All Alike!”
- Social Psychology in Practice: Out-Group Homogeneity in Eyewitness Identification
- Effects of Mere Categorization: Minimal Groups
- Discrimination and Social Identity
- Effects of Perceived Mild Threat
- Effects of Perceived Extreme Threat: Moral Exclusion and Hate Crimes
- They Don’t Like Us: Consequences of Belonging to Negatively Perceived Groups
- We Are Stigmatized: Effects on What We Do and How We Feel
- Effects on Performance
- Effects on Self-Esteem
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: Sports Defeats, Collective Self-Esteem, and Unhealthy Behavior
- Defending Individual Self-Esteem
- Using Attributions to Advantage
- Making the Most of Intragroup Comparisons
- Social Psychology in Practice: Attributional Ambiguity in the Workplace
- Individual Mobility: Escaping Negative Group Membership
- Disidentification: Putting the Group at a Psychological Distance
- Dissociation: Putting the Group at a Physical Distance
- Social Creativity: Redefining Group Membership as Positive
- Social Change: Changing the Intergroup Context
- Social Competition
- Social Competition or Prejudice Reduction: Mutually Exclusive Goals?
- One Goal, Many Strategies
- Concluding Comments
- Summary
- 7 Attitudes and Attitude Change
- Attitudes and Their Origins
- Measuring Attitudes
- Attitude Function
- Social Psychology in Practice: Attitude Functions and the Environment
- Social Psychology and Culture: Cultural Differences and Attitude Functions
- Attitude Formation
- The Informational Base of Attitudes
- Putting It All Together
- Linking Attitudes to Their Objects
- Superficial and Systematic Routes to Persuasion: From Snap Judgments to Considered Opinions
- Superficial Processing: Persuasion Shortcuts
- Attitudes by Association
- The Familiarity Heuristic: Familiarity Makes the Heart Grow Fonder
- Social Psychology in Practice: Familiarity Effects and Health Warnings
- The Attractiveness Heuristic: Agreeing with Those We Like
- The Expertise Heuristic: Agreeing with Those Who Know
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: Competence and Trustworthiness
- The Message-Length Heuristic: Length Equals Strength
- Systematic Processing: Thinking Persuasion Through
- Processing Information about the Attitude Object
- The Consequences of Systematic Processing
- Superficial and Systematic Processing: Which Strategy, When?
- How Motivation Influences Superficial and Systematic Processing
- How Capacity Influences Superficial and Systematic Processing
- Social Psychology and Culture: Culture and Connectedness Matching
- Social Psychology in Practice: Cognitive Ability and Advertising Aimed at Children
- How Moods and Emotions Influence Superficial and Systematic Persuasive Processing
- Social Psychology in Practice: Motivation and Capacity Consequences of Fear-Inducing Health Messages
- The Interplay of Cues and Content
- Defending Attitudes: Resisting Persuasion
- Ignoring, Reinterpreting, and Countering Attitude-Inconsistent Information
- Inoculation: Practice Can Be the Best Resistance Medicine
- What it Takes to Resist Persuasion
- Concluding Comments
- Summary
- 8 Attitudes and Behavior
- Changing Attitudes with Actions
- From Action to Attitude via Superficial Processing
- Associations with Action
- Inferences from Action: Self-Perception Theory
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: Self-Perception and Choice
- The Foot-in-the-Door Technique: Could You Do This Small Thing (First)?
- Social Psychology in Practice: Self-Perception Processes and Health
- When Do Action-to-Attitude Inferences Change Attitudes?
- Cognitive Dissonance: Changing Attitudes to Justify Behavior
- The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
- Justifying Attitude-Discrepant Behavior: I Have My Reasons!
- Justifying Effort: I Suffered for It, so I Like It
- Justifying Decisions: Of Course I Was Right!
- The Processing Payoff: Justifying Inconsistent Actions Creates Persistent Attitudes
- Social Psychology in Practice: Dissonance Processes and Health Interventions
- Alternatives to Attitude Change
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: Dissonance and Diet
- Which Dissonance Reduction Strategy Is Used?
- Social Psychology and Culture: Cultural Differences and Dissonance
- Changing Actions with Attitudes
- How Attitudes Guide Behavior
- Attitudes Guide Behavior Without Much Thought
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: Evaluating is Seeing
- Attitudes Guide Behavior Through Considered Intentions
- When Do Attitudes Influence Action?
- Attitude Accessibility
- Attitude Correspondence
- Implicit and Explicit Attitudes as Guides for Behavior
- When Attitudes Are Not Enough
- Concluding Comments
- Summary
- 9 Norms and Conformity
- Conformity to Social Norms
- What Are Social Norms?
- Public Versus Private Conformity
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: The Social Neuroscience of Conformity
- Social Psychology and Culture: Conformity and Culture
- Motivational Functions of Conformity to Norms
- Expecting Consensus
- Norms Fulfill Mastery Motives
- Norms Fulfill Connectedness Motives
- Whose Consensus? Me and Mine Norms Are the Ones that Count
- Social Psychology in Practice: Reference Group Effects in Food Preference
- Mastery, Connectedness, or Me and Mine?
- How Groups Form Norms: Processes of Social Influence
- Group Polarization: Going to Normative Extremes
- Explaining Polarized Norm Formation
- Superficial Processing: Relyig on Others’ Positions
- Systematic Processing: Attending to Both Positions and Arguments
- Undermining True Consensus
- When Consensus Seeking Goes Awry
- Consensus Without Consideration: Unthinking Reliance on Consensus
- Consensus Without Independence: Contamination
- Consensus Without Acceptance: Public Conformity
- Social Psychology in Practice: Pluralistic Ignorance and Health Risk Behavior
- Consensus Seeking at Its Worst: Groupthink
- Remedies for Faulty Consensus Seeking
- Minority Influence: The Value of Dissent
- Successful Minority Influence
- Offering an Alternative Consensus
- Negotiating Similarity and Difference
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: Consequences of Norm Mismatch
- Promoting Systematic Processing
- Social Psychology in Practice: Minority Inflfluence in the Courtroom
- Processes of Minority and Majority Influence
- Beyond Minority Influence: Using Norms to Strengthen Consensus
- Concluding Comments
- Summary
- 10 Norms and Behavior
- Norms: Effective Guides for Social Behavior
- Activating Norms to Guide Behavior
- Direct Reminders of Norms
- Environments Activate Norms
- Groups Activate Norms
- Deindividuation
- Which Norms Guide Behavior?
- Descriptive Norms as Guides for Behavior
- Social Psychology in Practice: Using Norms to Influence Health Behaviors
- Injunctive Norms as Guides for Behavior
- The Interplay of Descriptive and Injunctive Norms
- Why Norms Guide Behavior So Effectively
- Enforcement: Do It, or Else
- Private Acceptance: It’s Right and Proper, So I Do It
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: Is Following Norms in the Genes?
- Norms for Mastery and Connectedness: Reciprocity and Commitment
- The Norm of Reciprocity
- Returning Favors
- Reciprocating Concessions: The Door-in-the-Face Technique
- The Norm of Social Commitment
- The Low-Ball Technique
- Social Psychology and Culture: Norm-Consistent Behavior across Cultures
- The Norm of Obedience: Submitting to Authority
- Milgram’s Studies of Obedience
- Attempting to Explain Obedience
- Social Psychology in Practice: Obedience in Organizations
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: Obedience in Virtual Reality
- The Norm of Obedience to Authority
- Authority Must Be Legitimate
- Authority Must Accept Responsibility
- The Norm of Obedience Must Be Activated
- Social Identification and Obedience
- Maintaining and Escalating Obedience
- Normative Trade-Offs: The Pluses and Minuses of Obedience
- Resisting, Rejecting, and Rebelling Against Norms
- Reactance
- Social Psychology and Culture: Perceptions of Illegitimacy and Disobedience Across Culture
- Resisting and Rejecting Norms Using Systematic Processing
- Using Norms Against Norms
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: Resisting Norms Sometimes Has Rewards
- Putting it All Together: Multiple Guides for Behavior
- Both Attitudes and Norms Influence Behavior
- The Superficial Route
- The Thoughtful Route
- When Attitudes and Norms Conflict: Accessibility Determines Behavior
- Concluding Comments
- Summary
- 11 Interaction and Performance in Groups
- Social Facilitation: Effects of Minimal Interdependence
- Social Facilitation: Improvement and Impairment
- Evaluation Apprehension
- Social Psychology in Practice: Evaluation Apprehension in the Workplace and the Classroom: Monitoring and Performance
- Distraction
- Performance in Face-To-Face Groups: Interaction and Interdependence
- How Groups Change: Stages of Group Development
- Group Socialization: Mutual Evaluation by Members and Groups
- Group Development: Coming Together, Falling Apart
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: Preference for Hierarchy
- Time and Group Development
- Being Pushed Out of Groups: Rejection and Ostracism
- Getting the Job Done: Group Performance
- Forms of Task Interdependence
- Gains and Losses in Group Performance
- Losses from Decreased Motivation: Social Loafing
- Social Psychology and Culture: Social Loafing Across Cultures
- Social Psychology in Practice: Social Loafing in the Classroom
- Losses from Poor Coordination
- Social Psychology in Practice: Poor Coordination in the Workplace
- Processes that Affect Performance: Group Communication
- Technology and Communication
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: Virtual Minority Influence
- Processes that Affect Performance: Emotions and Mood in Groups
- Cures for Group Performance Losses
- Leadership and Power
- What Do Leaders Do?
- Leadership Effectiveness: Person or Situation?
- Social Psychology in Practice: Coaching Leadership in Youth Sports
- Who Becomes Leader?
- Stereotypes and Leadership
- Putting the Group First: Transformational Leadership
- The Dark Side of Leadership
- Power
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: Power Poses
- Concluding Comments
- Summary
- 12 Attraction, Relationships, and Love
- Challenges in Studying Attraction, Relationships, and Love
- From Attraction to Liking
- Physical Attractiveness
- Biological Bases of Physical Attractiveness
- Experiential Bases of Physical Attractiveness
- Similarity
- Why Similarity Increases Liking
- Positive Interaction
- Why Interaction Increases Liking
- From Acquaintance to Friend: Relationship Development
- Exchanges of Rewards: What’s in It for Me and for You?
- Self-Disclosure: Let’s Talk about Me and You
- Effects of Self-Disclosure
- Social Psychology and Culture: Self-Disclosure and Culture
- Close Relationships
- Cognitive Interdependence: The Partner Becomes Part of the Self
- Behavioral Interdependence: Transformations in Exchange
- Affective Interdependence: Intimacy and Commitment
- Intimacy
- Social Psychology in Practice: Intimate Interactions and Health
- Commitment
- Individual Differences in Close Relationships: Attachment Styles
- Social Psychology and Culture: Relationships in Cultural Perspective
- Romantic Love, Passion, and Sexuality
- Passionate Feelings
- Mate Preference: Who’s Looking for What?
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: Finding and Meeting Romantic Partners Online
- Sex in the Context of a Romantic Relationship
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: Sexual Orientation, Sexual Attraction, and Romantic Love
- When Relationships Go Wrong
- Threats to Relationships
- Handling Conflict: Maintaining Relationships in the Face of Threat
- Constructive and Destructive Accommodation to Negative Acts
- Social Psychology in Practice: Relationship Conflict and Social Problems
- Resources for Constructive Accommodation
- Social Psychology in Practice: Relationship Conflict and Clinical Psychology
- Declining Intimacy and Commitment
- Break-Up, Bereavement, and Loneliness
- After the Break-Up: Grief and Distress for Two
- Till Death Do Us Part
- Loneliness
- Concluding Comments
- Summary
- 13 Aggression and Conflict
- The Nature of Aggression and Conflict
- Defining Aggression and Conflict
- Origins of Aggression
- Research on Aggression
- Interpersonal Aggression
- What Causes Interpersonal Aggression? The Role of Rewards and Respect
- Counting Rewards and Costs
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: Gender and Aggression
- Responding to Threats
- Social Psychology and Culture: Cultural Norms and Responses to Threat
- The Role of Negative Emotions
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: Disgust and Aggression
- Increasing Aggression: Models and Cues
- Models of Aggression
- Social Psychology in Practice: Aggressive Models in the Media
- Learned Cues to Aggression
- Deciding Whether or Not to Aggress
- Putting It All Together: The General Aggression Model
- Intergroup Conflict
- Sources of Intergroup Conflict: The Battle for Riches and Respect
- Realistic Conflict Theory: Getting the Goods
- Relative Deprivation: When Is Enough Enough?
- Social Competition: Getting a Little Respect
- The Special Competitiveness of Groups: Groups Often Value Respect over Riches
- Escalating Conflict: Group Communication and Interaction
- Talking to the In-Group: Polarization and Commitment
- The Special Competitiveness of Groups: When Conflict Arises, Groups Close Ranks
- Talking to the Out-Group: Back Off, or Else!
- Social Psychology in Practice: Threat and Deterrence in International Affairs
- Vicarious Retribution: They Hurt Us, Now I Hurt Them
- Coalition Formation: Escalation as Others Choose Sides
- Perceptions in Conflict: What Else Could You Expect from Them?
- Polarized Perceptions of In-Group and Out-Group
- Biased Attributions for Behavior
- The Impact of Emotion and Arousal: More Heat, Less Light
- The Special Competitiveness of Groups: People Expect Groups To Be Supercompetitive, So They React in Kind
- “Final Solutions”: Eliminating the Out-Group
- The Special Competitiveness of Groups: Groups Offer Social Support for Competitiveness
- Final Solutions in History
- Reducing Interpersonal and Intergroup Conflict and Aggression
- Altering Perceptions and Reactions
- Promote Norms of Non-Aggression
- Minimize Cues for Aggression
- Interpret, and Interpret Again
- Promote Empathy with Others
- Resolving Conflict Through Negotiation
- Types of Solutions
- Achieving Solutions: The Negotiation Process
- Building Trust
- Mediation and Arbitration: Bringing in Third Parties
- Social Psychology and Culture: Negotiating across Cultural Lines
- Intergroup Cooperation: Changing Social Identity
- Superordinate Goals
- Why Does Intergroup Cooperation Work?
- Concluding Comments
- Summary
- 14 Helping and Cooperation
- When Do People Help?
- Is Help Needed and Deserved?
- Perceiving Need
- Judging Deservingness
- Should I Help?
- Is Helping Up to Me? Diffusion of Responsibility
- When Norms Make Helping Inappropriate
- When Norms Make Helping Appropriate
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: Religion and Prosocial Behavior
- Why Do People Help? Helping and Cooperation for Mastery and Connectedness
- Biological Perspectives: Is Prosocial Behavior in Our Genes?
- Helping for Mastery: The Personal Rewards and Costs of Helping
- Rewards and Costs of Helping
- Emotional Rewards of Helping
- Is Helping Pure Egoism?
- Helping for Connectedness: Empathy and Altruism
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: Helping and Happiness
- Mastery and Connectedness in Cooperation
- Social Dilemmas: Self-Interest Versus Group Interest
- Mastery Motives in Social Dilemmas: Rewards and Costs
- The Role of Trust
- Social Psychology and Culture: Culture, Trust, and Punishment
- Connectedness Motives in Social Dilemmas: Social Identification
- Individual Differences in Cooperation
- Role of Superficial or Systematic Processing in Helping and Cooperation
- The Impact of Processing
- Superficial Processing, Spontaneous Helping
- Systematic Processing, Planned Helping
- More Helping from Impulse or from Deliberation?
- Social Psychology in Practice: Helping in Organizations
- Prosocial Behavior in Society
- Help That Helps; Help That Hurts
- Increasing Prosocial Behavior in Society
- Hot Topics in Social Psychology: Global-Scale Social Dilemmas Require Global Cooperation
- Concluding Comments
- Summary
- Epilogue
- Core Principles of Social Psychology
- How the Principles Interrelate
- An Invitation to Social Psychology
- Photo and Cartoon Credits
- Glossary
- References
- Author Index
- Subject Index
