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Test Bank for The Legal Environment of Business, 8th Edition: Frank B. Cross

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  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0538453990
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0538453998
  • Author: Frank B. Cross

Comprehensive, authoritative, and cutting-edge, THE LEGAL ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS combines a classic “black letter law” approach with an interesting and accessible reader-friendly format. The cases, content, and features of the exciting new Eighth Edition have been thoroughly updated to represent the latest developments in the business law environment. An excellent assortment of included cases ranges from precedent-setting landmarks to important recent decisions, and ethical, global, and corporate themes are integrated throughout. In addition, numerous features and exercises help you master key concepts and apply what you’ve learned to real-world issues, and the book offers an unmatched range of support resources–including innovative online review tools.

Table contents:

  1. Part One Introduction to the Law and the Legal Environment of Business
  2. Chapter One Critical Thinking and Legal Reasoning
  3. The Importance of Critical Thinking
  4. A Critical Thinking Model
  5. The Critical Thinking Steps
  6. Facts
  7. Issue
  8. Reasons and Conclusion
  9. Rules of Law
  10. Ambiguity
  11. Ethical Norms
  12. Analogies
  13. Missing Information
  14. Using Critical Thinking to Make Legal Reasoning Come Alive
  15. Legal Reasoning
  16. Applying the Critical Thinking Approach
  17. Assignment on the Internet
  18. On the Internet
  19. For Future Reading
  20. Chapter Two Introduction to Law and the Legal Environment of Business
  21. Critical Thinking About The Law
  22. Definition of the Legal Environment of Business
  23. Definition of Law and Jurisprudence
  24. Natural Law School
  25. Positivist School
  26. Sociological School
  27. American Realist School
  28. Critical Legal Studies School
  29. Feminist School
  30. Law and Economics School
  31. Sources of Law
  32. The Legislature as a Source of Statutory Law
  33. The Judicial Branch as a Source of Case Law
  34. Case Law Precedents and the Internet
  35. Restatements of the Law
  36. The Executive Branch as a Source of Law
  37. Treaty Making
  38. Executive Orders
  39. Administrative Agencies as a Source of Law
  40. Classifications of Law
  41. Criminal Law and Civil Law
  42. Public and Private Law
  43. Substantive and Procedural Law
  44. Substantive Law
  45. Procedural Law
  46. Cyberlaw
  47. Global Dimensions of the Legal Environment of Business
  48. Summary
  49. Review Questions
  50. Review Problems
  51. Case Problems
  52. Thinking Critically About Relevant Legal Issues
  53. Assignment On The Internet
  54. On The Internet
  55. For Future Reading
  56. Chapter Three The American Legal System
  57. Jurisdiction
  58. Original versus Appellate Jurisdiction
  59. Critical Thinking about the Law
  60. Jurisdiction over Persons and Property
  61. In Rem Jurisdiction
  62. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
  63. State Jurisdiction
  64. Exclusive Federal Jurisdiction
  65. Concurrent Federal Jurisdiction
  66. Critical Thinking about the Law
  67. Venue
  68. The Structure of the Court System
  69. The Federal Court System
  70. Federal Trial Courts
  71. Intermediate Courts of Appeal
  72. Court of Last Resort
  73. State Court Systems
  74. State Trial Courts
  75. Intermediate Courts of Appeal
  76. Courts of Last Resort
  77. The Actors in the Legal System and Their Relationship to the Business Community
  78. The Attorney
  79. Attorney–Client Privilege
  80. Additional Functions of the Attorney
  81. The Judge
  82. The Power of Judicial Review
  83. The Jury
  84. Petit Juries
  85. Grand Juries
  86. The Adversary Process
  87. Criticisms of the Adversary System
  88. Steps in Civil Litigation and the Role of Businesspersons
  89. The Pretrial Stage
  90. Informal Negotiations
  91. Initiation of a Legal Action
  92. Service of Process
  93. Defendant’s Response
  94. Pretrial Motions
  95. Discovery
  96. Pretrial Conference
  97. The Trial
  98. Jury Selection
  99. Critical Thinking About The Law
  100. Opening Statements
  101. Plaintiff’s Case
  102. Defendant’s Case
  103. Conference on Jury Instructions
  104. Closing Arguments
  105. Posttrial Motions
  106. Appellate Procedure
  107. Appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court
  108. Class Actions
  109. Global Dimensions of the American Legal System
  110. Summary
  111. Review Questions
  112. Review Problems
  113. Case Problems
  114. Thinking Critically about Relevant Legal Issues
  115. The Election of Judges
  116. Assignment On The Internet
  117. On The Internet
  118. For Future Reading
  119. Chapter Four Alternative Tools of Dispute Resolution
  120. Critical Thinking about the Law
  121. Negotiation and Settlement
  122. Mediation
  123. Selection of a Mediator
  124. Common Uses of Mediation
  125. Advantages of Mediation
  126. Criticisms of Mediation
  127. Arbitration
  128. Justice Souter
  129. Case Questions
  130. Methods of Securing Arbitration
  131. Justice Stratton
  132. Critical Thinking about the Law
  133. Justice Scalia
  134. Critical Thinking about the Law
  135. Selection of an Arbitrator
  136. Common Uses of Arbitration
  137. Problems with Arbitration
  138. Minitrials
  139. Early Neutral Case Evaluation
  140. Private Trials
  141. Summary Jury Trials
  142. Court-Annexed Alternative Dispute Resolution
  143. Use of Court-Annexed ADR in the State and Federal Systems
  144. Differences between Court-Annexed and Voluntary ADR
  145. Arbitration
  146. Mediation
  147. The Future of Alternative Dispute Resolution
  148. Global Dimensions of Alternative Dispute Resolution
  149. Justice Blackmun
  150. Summary
  151. Review Questions
  152. Review Problems
  153. Case Problems
  154. Thinking Critically About Relevant Legal Issues
  155. Arbitration in the Malpractice Arena
  156. Assignment On The Internet
  157. On The Internet
  158. For Future Reading
  159. Chapter Five Constitutional Principles
  160. The Constitution
  161. Federalism
  162. Critical Thinking About The Law
  163. Supremacy Clause
  164. Federal Preemption
  165. Separation of Powers
  166. The Impact of the Commerce Clause on Business
  167. The Commerce Clause as a Source of Federal Authority
  168. Critical Thinking About The Law
  169. The Commerce Clause as a Restriction on State Authority
  170. The Taxing and Spending Powers of the Federal Government
  171. Taxation of the Internet?
  172. The Impact of the Amendments on Business
  173. The First Amendment
  174. Corporate Commercial Speech
  175. Critical Thinking About The Law
  176. Corporate Political Speech
  177. The Fourth Amendment
  178. The Fifth Amendment
  179. The Fourteenth Amendment
  180. Standard of Review
  181. SUMMARY
  182. Review Questions
  183. Review Problems
  184. Case Problems
  185. Thinking Critically About Relevant Legal Issues
  186. Protection of Corporate Political Speech
  187. Assignment On The Internet
  188. On The Internet
  189. For Future Reading
  190. Chapter Six White-Collar Crime and the Business Community
  191. Critical Thinking About The Law
  192. Crime and Criminal Procedure
  193. Crime
  194. Criminal Procedure
  195. The Miranda Warnings
  196. Booking and First Appearance
  197. Information or Indictment
  198. Plea Bargaining
  199. Burden of Proof
  200. Defenses
  201. Distinguishing Features of White-Collar Crime
  202. The Corporation as a Criminal
  203. Arguments in Support of Corporate Liability
  204. Arguments in Opposition to Corporate Liability
  205. Imposition of Liability on Corporate Executives
  206. Critical Thinking About The Law
  207. Imposition of Liability on Lower-Level Corporate Criminals
  208. Factors Encouraging the Commission of White-Collar Crime
  209. Sentencing of White-Collar Criminals
  210. Common White-Collar Crimes
  211. Bribery
  212. Violations of Federal Regulations
  213. Criminal Fraud
  214. Critical Thinking About The Law
  215. Larceny
  216. Embezzlement
  217. Computer Crimes
  218. Destruction of Data
  219. Unlawful Appropriation of Data or Services
  220. Entering of Fraudulent Records or Data into a Computer System
  221. Financial Crimes
  222. Prevention of White-Collar Crime
  223. Federal Laws Used in the Fight against White-Collar Crime
  224. The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO)
  225. False Claims Act
  226. Sarbanes-Oxley Act
  227. Whistleblower Protection Act
  228. State Laws Used in the Fight against White-Collar Crime
  229. Global Dimensions of  White-Collar Crime
  230. SUMMARY
  231. Review Questions
  232. Review Problems
  233. Case Problems
  234. Thinking Critically About Relevant Legal Issues
  235. Allocating Blame for White-Collar Crime
  236. Assignment On The Internet
  237. On The Internet
  238. For Future Reading
  239. Chapter Seven Ethics, Social Responsibility, and the Business Manager
  240. Critical Thinking About The Law
  241. Definition of Business Ethics and the Social Responsibility of Business
  242. Business Ethics
  243. The Social Responsibility of Business
  244. Theories of Ethical Thought
  245. Consequential Theories
  246. Deontological Theories
  247. Humanist Theories
  248. Codes of Ethics
  249. Individual Codes of Ethics
  250. Corporate Codes of Ethics
  251. Corporate Ethics
  252. Industry Codes of Ethics
  253. Professional Codes of Ethics
  254. Accounting
  255. Insurance and Finance
  256. Law
  257. Schools of Social Responsibility
  258. Profit-Oriented School
  259. Managerial School
  260. Institutional School
  261. Professional Obligation School
  262. Regulation School
  263. Global Dimensions of Ethics and Social Responsibility
  264. Code of Conduct for Transnational Corporations
  265. Summary
  266. Review Questions
  267. Review Problems
  268. Case Problems
  269. Thinking Critically About Relevant Legal Issues
  270. Disbarment of Lawyers and Debarment of Officers and Directors of Corporations
  271. Potential Debarment of Officers and Directors
  272. Assignment On The Internet
  273. On The Internet
  274. For Future Reading
  275. Chapter Eight The International Legal Environment of Business
  276. Critical Thinking About The Law
  277. Dimensions of the International Environment of Business
  278. Political Dimensions
  279. Economic Dimensions
  280. Cultural Dimensions
  281. Corruption and Trade
  282. Critical Thinking About The Law
  283. Legal Dimensions
  284. National Legal Systems
  285. Selected National Legal Systems
  286. International Law
  287. Methods of Engaging in International Business
  288. Trade
  289. International Licensing and Franchising
  290. Foreign Direct Investment
  291. Critical Thinking About The Law
  292. Risks of Engaging in International Business
  293. Expropriation of Private Property
  294. Sovereign Immunity Doctrine
  295. Critical Thinking About The Law
  296. Act-of-State Doctrine
  297. Export and Import Controls
  298. Export Controls
  299. Import Controls
  300. Legal and Economic Integration as a Means of Encouraging International Business Activity
  301. The World Trade Organization
  302. Purpose and Terms
  303. General Impact
  304. Impact on Corporate Investment Decision Making
  305. The European Union
  306. Purpose
  307. Structure
  308. Impact
  309. Unity of Law
  310. Economic Integration
  311. Political Union
  312. North American Free Trade Agreement
  313. Purpose
  314. Structure
  315. Trade Commission
  316. Secretariat
  317. Arbitral Panels
  318. Impact
  319. Global Dispute Resolution
  320. Arbitration
  321. Litigation
  322. Globalization: Hurts or Helps
  323. Summary
  324. Review Questions
  325. Review Problems
  326. Case Problems
  327. Thinking Critically About Relevant Legal Issues
  328. Assignment On The Internet
  329. On the Internet
  330. For Future Reading
  331. Part Two Private Law and the Legal Environment of Business
  332. Chapter Nine The Law of Contracts and Sales—I
  333. Critical Thinking About The Law
  334. Definition, Sources, and Classifications of Contract Law
  335. Definition
  336. Sources of Contract Law
  337. Case Law
  338. Uniform Commercial Code
  339. Classifications of Contracts
  340. Express and Implied Contracts
  341. Unilateral and Bilateral Contracts
  342. Critical Thinking About The Law
  343. Void, Voidable, and Valid Contracts
  344. Executed and Executory Contracts
  345. Quasi-Contract
  346. Elements of a Legal Contract
  347. Legal Offer
  348. Methods of Termination of an Offer
  349. Rejection by the Offeree
  350. Revocation by the Offeror
  351. Legal Acceptance
  352. Intent to Accept
  353. Communication of Acceptance
  354. Critical Thinking About The Law
  355. Satisfying, or “Mirroring,” the Terms of the Offer
  356. Internet and E-Contracts: Acceptance Online
  357. Consideration
  358. Adequacy of Consideration
  359. Preexisting Duty Rule
  360. Promises Enforceable without Consideration
  361. Liquidated and Unliquidated Debts
  362. Genuine Assent
  363. Fraud
  364. Duress
  365. Critical Thinking About The Law
  366. Undue Influence
  367. Mistake
  368. Competent Parties
  369. Minors
  370. Insanity
  371. Intoxication
  372. Legal Object
  373. Statutory Law
  374. Case Law
  375. Contracts That Must Be in Writing
  376. Contracts for the Sale of an Interest in Land
  377. Contracts to Pay the Debts of Another
  378. Contracts Not Performable in One Year
  379. Sale of Goods of $500 or More
  380. Nonbusiness Contracts
  381. Parol Evidence Rule
  382. Third-Party Beneficiary Contracts and Assignment of Rights
  383. Types of Third-Party Beneficiary Contracts
  384. Assignment of Rights
  385. Summary
  386. Review Questions
  387. Review Problems
  388. Case Problems
  389. Thinking Critically about Relevant Legal Issues
  390. On The Internet
  391. For Future Reading
  392. Chapter Ten The Law of Contracts and Sales—II
  393. Critical Thinking About The Law
  394. Methods of Discharging a Contract
  395. Discharge By Performance
  396. Uniform Commercial Code and Performance and Convention on International Sale of Goods
  397. Discharge By Mutual Agreement
  398. Discharge by Conditions Precedent and Subsequent
  399. Condition Precedent
  400. Condition Subsequent
  401. Discharge By Impossibility of Performance
  402. Discharge By Commercial Impracticability
  403. Contracts with the Government and the Sovereign Acts Doctrine
  404. Remedies for a Breach of Contract
  405. Monetary Damages (“Legal” Remedies)
  406. Compensatory Damages
  407. Punitive Damages
  408. Nominal Damages
  409. Liquidated Damages
  410. Critical Thinking About The Law
  411. Equitable Remedies
  412. Rescission
  413. Reformation
  414. Specific Performance
  415. Injunctions
  416. Remedies for Breach of a Sales Contract (Goods)
  417. Remedies for the Seller
  418. Remedies for the Buyer
  419. E-Contracts
  420. E-Signatures
  421. The Uniform Computer Information Transaction Act
  422. Scope of the UCITA
  423. The Business Community: Criticisms of the UCITA
  424. Global Dimensions of Contract and Sales Law
  425. Summary
  426. Review Questions
  427. Review Problems
  428. Case Problems
  429. Thinking Critically about Relevant Legal Issues
  430. Assignment On The Internet
  431. On The Internet
  432. For Future Reading
  433. Chapter Eleven The Law of Torts
  434. The Goals of Tort Law
  435. Critical Thinking About The Law
  436. Damages Available in Tort Cases
  437. Compensatory Damages
  438. Nominal Damages
  439. Punitive Damages
  440. Classifications of Torts
  441. Intentional Torts
  442. Intentional Torts against Persons
  443. Assault and Battery
  444. Defenses to Battery
  445. Defamation
  446. Critical Thinking About The Law
  447. Defenses to Defamation
  448. Privacy Torts
  449. False Imprisonment
  450. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
  451. Intentional Torts against Property
  452. Intentional Torts against Economic Interests
  453. Negligent Torts
  454. Elements of Negligence
  455. Defenses to Negligence
  456. Strict Liability Torts
  457. Global Dimensions of Tort Law
  458. Summary
  459. Review Questions
  460. Review Problems
  461. Case Problems
  462. Thinking Critically about Relevant Legal Issues
  463. Assignment On The Internet
  464. On The Internet
  465. For Future Reading
  466. Chapter Twelve Product and Service Liability Law
  467. Critical Thinking About The Law
  468. Theories of Recovery in Product Liability Cases
  469. Negligence
  470. The Privity Limitation
  471. Negligent Failure to Warn
  472. Negligent Design
  473. Negligence per se
  474. Defenses to a Negligence-Based Product Liability Action
  475. Strict Liability in Contract for Breach of Warranty
  476. Implied Warranty of Merchantability
  477. Critical Thinking About The Law
  478. Implied Warranty of Fitness for a Particular Purpose
  479. Express Warranties
  480. Defenses to Breach-of-Warranty Actions
  481. Strict Liability in Tort
  482. Impact of the Restatement (Third) of Torts
  483. 402A
  484. Defenses to a Strict Product Liability Action
  485. Liability to Bystanders
  486. Market Share Liability
  487. Service Liability
  488. Accountants’ Liability
  489. Global Dimensions of Product Liability Law
  490. Summary
  491. Review Questions
  492. Review Problems
  493. Case Problems
  494. Thinking Critically about Relevant Legal Issues Government Protection against Unsafe Products
  495. Assignment On The Internet
  496. On The Internet
  497. For Future Reading
  498. Chapter Thirteen Law of Property: Real and Personal
  499. Critical Thinking About The Law
  500. Real Property
  501. Definition of Real Property
  502. Fixtures
  503. Extent of Ownership
  504. Interests in Real Property
  505. Fee Simple Absolute
  506. Conditional Estate
  507. Life Estate
  508. Future Interest
  509. Leasehold Estates
  510. Easements
  511. License
  512. Co-Ownership
  513. Condominiums and Cooperatives
  514. Condominiums
  515. Critical Thinking About The Law
  516. Cooperatives
  517. Voluntary Transfer of Real Property
  518. Execution
  519. General Warranty Deed
  520. Quitclaim Deed
  521. Delivery
  522. Acceptance
  523. Recording
  524. Involuntary Transfer of Real Property
  525. Adverse Possession
  526. Condemnation
  527. Restrictions on Land Use
  528. Restrictive Covenants
  529. Zoning
  530. Other Statutory Restrictions on Land Use
  531. Personal Property
  532. Voluntary Transfer of Personal Property
  533. Involuntary Transfers of Personal Property
  534. Bailments
  535. Global Dimensions of Property Law
  536. Summary
  537. Review Questions
  538. Review Problems
  539. Case Problems
  540. Thinking Critically about Relevant Legal Issues Eminent Domain and Democracy
  541. Assignment On The Internet
  542. On The Internet
  543. For Future Reading
  544. Chapter Fourteen Intellectual Property
  545. Introduction to Intellectual Property
  546. Trademarks
  547. Critical Thinking About The Law
  548. Critical Thinking About The Law
  549. Trade Dress
  550. Federal Trademark Dilution Act of 1995
  551. Patents
  552. Trade Secrets
  553. Economic Espionage Act
  554. Copyrights
  555. Fair Use Doctrine
  556. Copyrights in the Digital Age
  557. Software and the Copyright Act of 1976
  558. The No Electronic Theft Act of 1997
  559. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act
  560. File-Sharing Networks and Technologies
  561. Global Dimensions of Intellectual Property Law
  562. Summary
  563. Review Questions
  564. Review Problems
  565. Case Problems
  566. Thinking Critically about Relevant Legal Issues A Question under TRIPS
  567. Assignment On The Internet
  568. On The Internet
  569. For Future Reading
  570. Chapter Fifteen Agency Law
  571. Critical Thinking About The Law
  572. Definition and  Types of Agency Relationships
  573. Definition of Agency
  574. Types of Agency Relationships
  575. Principal–Agent
  576. Employer–Employee
  577. Employer–Independent Contractor
  578. Critical Thinking About The Law
  579. Creation of an Agency Relationship
  580. Expressed Agency or Agency By Agreement
  581. Agency By Implied Authority
  582. Critical Thinking About The Law
  583. Agency through Ratification by Principal
  584. Agency By Estoppel or Apparent Authority
  585. Duties of Agents and Principals
  586. Principal’s Duties to Agent
  587. Duty of Compensation
  588. Duty of Reimbursement and Indemnification
  589. Duty of Cooperation
  590. Duty to Provide Safe Working Conditions
  591. Agent’s Duties To Principal
  592. Duty of Loyalty
  593. Duty of Obedience
  594. Duty of Accounting
  595. Duty of Performance
  596. Principal’s and Agent’s Liability to Third Parties
  597. Contractual Liability
  598. E-Commerce: Intelligent Agents
  599. Liability of Disclosed, Partially Disclosed, and Undisclosed Principals
  600. Liability of Undisclosed Principal
  601. Tort Liability
  602. Tort Liability and Negligence
  603. Criminal Liability
  604. Termination of the Principal–Agent Relationship
  605. Termination By Agreement
  606. Termination By Operation of Law
  607. Critical Thinking About The Law
  608. Global Dimensions of Agency Law
  609. Japan
  610. European Union
  611. U.S. Agents Abroad
  612. Summary
  613. Review Questions
  614. Review Problems
  615. Case Problems
  616. Thinking Critically about Relevant Legal Issues
  617. Assignment On The Internet
  618. On The Internet
  619. For Future Reading
  620. Chapter Sixteen Law and Business Associations—I
  621. Critical Thinking About The Law
  622. Factors Influencing a Business Manager’s Choice of Organizational Form
  623. Some Common Forms of Business Organization in the United States
  624. Sole Proprietorships
  625. General Partnerships
  626. Creating a Partnership
  627. Relationship between Partners
  628. Critical Thinking About The Law
  629. Terminating a Partnership
  630. Limited Partnerships and Limited Liability Limited Partnerships
  631. Limited Liability Limited Partnership
  632. Specialized Forms of Business Associations
  633. Joint Stock Company
  634. Syndicate
  635. Joint Venture
  636. Franchising
  637. Laws Governing Franchising
  638. Federal Laws
  639. State Laws
  640. Internet Franchising
  641. Global Dimensions of Business Associations
  642. Outsourcing
  643. Summary
  644. Review Questions
  645. Review Problems
  646. Case Problems
  647. Thinking Critically about Relevant Legal Issues
  648. Assignment On The Internet
  649. On The Internet
  650. For Future Reading
  651. Chapter Seventeen Law and Business Associations—II
  652. The Corporation
  653. Critical Thinking About The Law
  654. Classification of Corporations
  655. Closely Held Corporation
  656. Publicly Held Corporation
  657. Multinational or Transnational Corporation
  658. Subchapter S Corporation
  659. Robs Corporation
  660. Professional Corporation
  661. Nonprofit Corporation
  662. Creation of Corporations
  663. Financing of Corporations
  664. Debt Financing
  665. Unsecured Bonds
  666. Secured Bonds
  667. Income Bonds
  668. Convertible Bonds
  669. Callable Bonds
  670. AAA Bonds and Junk Bonds
  671. Equity Financing
  672. Classes of Stock
  673. Consideration
  674. Operation of Corporations
  675. The Role of the Shareholders
  676. The Role of the Board of Directors
  677. The Role of the Officers and Managers
  678. Fiduciary Obligations of Directors, Officers, and Managers
  679. Critical Thinking About The Law
  680. Limited Liability Companies
  681. The Uniform Limited Liability Act
  682. LLC Characteristics
  683. Creating a Limited Liability Company
  684. Duration of the LLC
  685. Financing of the LLC
  686. Control Considerations
  687. Tax Ramifications
  688. Global Dimensions of Corporations: A “Big Fat Greek” Bailout II and III
  689. Summary
  690. Review Questions
  691. Review Problems
  692. Case Problems
  693. Thinking Critically about Relevant Legal Issues
  694. Assignment On The Internet
  695. On The Internet
  696. For Future Reading
  697. Part Three Public Law and the Legal Environment of Business
  698. Chapter Eighteen The Law of Administrative Agencies
  699. Introduction to Administrative Law and Administrative Agencies
  700. Administrative Law
  701. Critical Thinking About The Law
  702. Administrative Agencies
  703. Types
  704. Reasons for Growth
  705. Creation of Administrative Agencies
  706. Functions of Administrative Agencies
  707. Rulemaking
  708. Formal Rulemaking
  709. Informal Rulemaking
  710. Hybrid Rulemaking
  711. Exempted Rulemaking
  712. Judicial Review of Rulemaking
  713. Adjudication
  714. Investigation and Complaint
  715. Formal Complaint and Hearing
  716. Initial or Recommended Decision
  717. Appeal to the Full Commission
  718. Judicial Review of Adjudicative Proceedings
  719. Administrative Activities
  720. Limitations on Administrative Agencies’ Powers
  721. Statutory Limitations
  722. Institutional Limitations
  723. Executive Branch
  724. Legislative Branch
  725. Judicial Branch
  726. State and Local Administrative Agencies
  727. Global Dimensions of Administrative Agencies
  728. Summary
  729. Review Questions
  730. Review Problems
  731. Case Problems
  732. Thinking Critically about Relevant Legal Issues
  733. Assignment On The Internet
  734. On The Internet
  735. For Future Reading
  736. Chapter Nineteen The Employment Relationship and Immigration Laws
  737. Critical Thinking About The Law
  738. Wage and Hour Laws
  739. Unemployment Compensation
  740. Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985
  741. Workers’ Compensation Laws
  742. Coverage
  743. Recoverable Benefits
  744. The Claims Process
  745. Benefits of the Workers’ Compensation System
  746. The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993
  747. Major Provisions
  748. Critical Thinking About The Law
  749. Remedies For Violations of the FMLA
  750. The Future of The FMLA
  751. The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
  752. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
  753. Standard Setting
  754. Enforcement
  755. Inspection Procedure
  756. Penalties
  757. Public Education
  758. State Plans
  759. Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission
  760. National Institute For Occupational Safety and Health
  761. Implementation of The OSH Act
  762. Employee Privacy Rights
  763. Electronic Monitoring and Communication
  764. Drug Testing
  765. Other Testing
  766. Immigration Law
  767. Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
  768. Authorized Noncitizen Workers
  769. Global Dimensions of the Employment Relationship
  770. Summary
  771. Review Questions
  772. Review Problems
  773. Case Problems
  774. Thinking Critically about Relevant Legal Issues
  775. Assignment On The Internet
  776. On The Internet
  777. For Future Reading
  778. Chapter Twenty Laws Governing Labor–Management Relations
  779. Critical Thinking About The Law
  780. Structure of the Primary U.S. Labor Legislation and the Mechanisms for Its Enforcement
  781. The Wagner Act of 1935
  782. The Taft–Hartley Act of 1947
  783. The Landrum–Griffin Act of 1959
  784. The National Labor Relations Board
  785. Structure
  786. Jurisdiction
  787. Procedures in Representation Cases
  788. Procedures in Unfair Labor Practice Cases
  789. Labor Organizing
  790. Board Rules
  791. Unfair Labor Practices By Employers
  792. Interference with Organizing
  793. Domination or Support of Labor Organizing
  794. Discrimination Based on Union Activity
  795. Unfair Labor Practices by Employees
  796. Critical Thinking About The Law
  797. Organizing the Appropriate Unit
  798. The Collective Bargaining Process
  799. Subjects of Bargaining
  800. Strikes, Boycotts, and Picketing
  801. Strikes
  802. Lawful Strikes
  803. Unlawful Strikes
  804. Boycotts
  805. Picketing
  806. Global Dimensions of Labor–Management Relations
  807. Summary
  808. Review Questions
  809. Review Problems
  810. Case Problems
  811. Thinking Critically about Relevant Legal Issues
  812. Assignment On The Internet
  813. On The Internet
  814. For Future Reading
  815. Chapter Twenty one Employment Discrimination
  816. Critical Thinking About The Law
  817. The Employment-at-Will Doctrine
  818. Constitutional Provisions
  819. The Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and 1871
  820. Applicability of The Acts
  821. Remedies
  822. Procedural Limitation
  823. The Equal Pay Act of 1963
  824. Equal Work
  825. Extra Duties
  826. Establishments
  827. Defenses
  828. Remedies
  829. The Civil Rights Act of 1964, as Amended (Title VII), and the Civil Rights Act of 1991
  830. Applicability of The Act
  831. Proof in Employment Discrimination Cases
  832. Disparate Treatment
  833. Disparate Impact
  834. Harassment
  835. Critical Thinking About The Law
  836. Same-Sex Harassment
  837. Hostile Environment Extended
  838. A New Limitation on the Employer’s Liability
  839. Retaliation
  840. Statutory Defenses
  841. Bona Fide Occupational Qualification
  842. Merit
  843. Seniority Systems
  844. Mixed Motives
  845. Protected Classes
  846. Race and Color
  847. National Origin
  848. Religion
  849. Sex
  850. Pregnancy Discrimination Act
  851. Enforcement Procedures
  852. The Charge
  853. Conciliation and Filing Suit
  854. Remedies
  855. Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009
  856. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
  857. Applicability of The Statute
  858. Proving Age Discrimination
  859. Critical Thinking About The Law
  860. Statutory Defenses
  861. Bona Fide Occupational Qualification
  862. Other Defenses
  863. Executive Exemption
  864. After-Acquired Evidence of Employee Misconduct
  865. Enforcement Procedures
  866. Remedies Under Adea
  867. The Rehabilitation Act of 1973
  868. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1991
  869. Covered Individuals
  870. Critical Thinking About The Law
  871. Enforcement Procedures
  872. Remedies
  873. Affirmative Action
  874. Global Dimensions of Employment Discrimination Legislation
  875. Summary
  876. Review Questions
  877. Review Problems
  878. Case Problems
  879. Thinking Critically about Relevant Legal Issues
  880. Assignment On The Internet
  881. On The Internet
  882. For Future Reading
  883. Chapter Twenty Two Environmental Law
  884. Alternative Approaches to Environmental Protection
  885. Tort Law
  886. Critical Thinking About The Law
  887. Negligence, an Alternative Tort Solution
  888. Government Subsidies Approach
  889. Emission Charges Approach
  890. Marketable Discharge Permits Approach
  891. Direct Regulation Approach
  892. The Environmental Protection Agency
  893. The National Environmental Policy Act of 1970
  894. Threshold Considerations
  895. Content of The EIS
  896. Critical Thinking About The Law
  897. Effectiveness of The EIS Process
  898. Regulating Water Quality
  899. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act
  900. Point-Source Effluent Limitations
  901. The Safe Drinking Water Act
  902. Regulating Air Quality
  903. The National Ambient Air Quality Standards
  904. New Source Review
  905. The Acid Rain Control Program
  906. Climate Change
  907. Regulating Hazardous Waste and Toxic Substances
  908. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976
  909. The Manifest Program
  910. RCRA Amendments of 1984 and 1986
  911. Enforcement of RCRA
  912. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, As Amended By The Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act of 1986
  913. The Toxic Substances Control Act of 1979
  914. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1972
  915. Pesticide Tolerances in Food
  916. The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990
  917. Business Aspects of Voluntary Pollution Prevention
  918. Sustainable Development
  919. Global Dimensions of Environmental Regulation
  920. The Need For International Cooperation
  921. The Transnational Nature of Pollution
  922. The Global Commons
  923. Primary Responses of The United States
  924. Research
  925. Conferences
  926. Treaties
  927. Aid
  928. Summary
  929. Review Questions
  930. Review Problems
  931. Case Problems
  932. Thinking Critically about Relevant Legal Issues
  933. Assignment On The Internet
  934. On The Internet
  935. For Future Reading
  936. Chapter Twenty Three Rules Governing the Issuance and Trading of Securities
  937. Critical Thinking About The Law
  938. Introduction to the Regulation of Securities
  939. Summary of Federal Securities Legislation
  940. The Securities and Exchange Commission
  941. Creation and Function
  942. Structure
  943. Division of Corporation Finance
  944. Division of Trading and Markets
  945. Division of Enforcement
  946. Division of Economic and Risk Analysis
  947. Division of Investment Management
  948. Critical Thinking About The Law
  949. Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010
  950. Oversight of Financial Problems By Regulatory Agencies
  951. Risk Taking By Large Banks and Nonbanks
  952. Executive Compensation
  953. Too Big To Fail
  954. Credit Rating Agencies
  955. Derivatives
  956. Consumer Protection
  957. Exemptions
  958. Regulation of The Regulators By A Court of Law
  959. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
  960. Corporate Accountability
  961. New Accounting Regulations
  962. Criminal Penalties
  963. The Securities Act of 1933
  964. Definition of A Security
  965. Common Enterprise
  966. Reasonable Expectations of Profit
  967. Profits Derived Solely from the Efforts of Others
  968. Registration of Securities Under The 1933 Act
  969. Purpose and Goals
  970. Registration Statement and Process
  971. Disclosure
  972. Prefiling Period
  973. Waiting Period
  974. Posteffective Period
  975. Communications
  976. Shelf Registration
  977. Securities and Transactions Exempt From Registration Under The 1933 Act
  978. Private Placement Exemptions
  979. Intrastate Offering Exemption
  980. Small Business Exemptions
  981. Other Offering Exemptions
  982. Exempt Securities
  983. Resale Restrictions
  984. Liability, Remedies, and Defenses Under The 1933 Securities Act
  985. Private Remedies
  986. Misrepresentations in a Registration Statement
  987. Failure to File a Registration Statement
  988. Misrepresentation or Fraud in the Sale of a Security
  989. Governmental Remedies
  990. Administrative Action
  991. Injunctive Action
  992. Criminal Penalties
  993. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934
  994. Registration of Securities Issuers, Brokers, and Dealers
  995. Registration of Securities Issuers
  996. Registration of Brokers and Dealers
  997. Disclosure: Compensation
  998. Securities Markets
  999. Proxy Solicitations
  1000. Procedural and Substantive Rules
  1001. Shareholder Proposals
  1002. Proxy Contests
  1003. Tender Offers and Takeover Bids
  1004. Rules Governing Tender Offers
  1005. Remedies and Defensive Strategies
  1006. Remedies
  1007. Critical Thinking About The Law
  1008. Defensive Strategies
  1009. Securities Fraud
  1010. Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act
  1011. Critical Thinking About The Law
  1012. Insider Trading and Section 10(b)5-1 and 10(b)5-2 of the Securities Act
  1013. Misstatements of Corporations and Section 10(b)
  1014. Corporate Mismanagement and Section 10(b)
  1015. Fraud-on-the-Market Theory and Section 10(b)
  1016. Liability and Remedies Under The 1934 Exchange Act
  1017. Criminal Penalties
  1018. SEC Action
  1019. Private Actions
  1020. Short-Swing Profits
  1021. Purpose and Coverage
  1022. Liability
  1023. State Securities Laws
  1024. E-Commerce, Online Securities Disclosure, and Fraud Regulation
  1025. Marketplace of Securities
  1026. E-Commerce and Fraud in The Marketplace
  1027. Global Dimensions of Rules Governing the Issuance and Trading of Securities
  1028. Legislation Prohibiting Bribery and Money Laundering Overseas
  1029. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as Amended in 1988 and 1998
  1030. Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Officials in International Business Transactions
  1031. The International Securities Enforcement Cooperation Act of 1990
  1032. Legislation Governing Foreign Securities Sold in The United States
  1033. Regulations and Offshore Transactions
  1034. Summary
  1035. Review Questions
  1036. Review Problems
  1037. Case Problems
  1038. Thinking Critically about Relevant Legal Issues
  1039. Assignment On The Internet
  1040. On The Internet
  1041. For Future Reading
  1042. Chapter Twenty Four Antitrust Laws
  1043. Critical Thinking About The Law
  1044. Introduction to Antitrust Law
  1045. A Definition of Antitrust
  1046. Law and Economics: Setting and Enforcing Antitrust Policy
  1047. Goals of the Antitrust Statutes
  1048. Enforcement of and Exemptions from the Antitrust Laws
  1049. Enforcement
  1050. Public Enforcement
  1051. Private Enforcement
  1052. Exemptions
  1053. The Sherman Act of 1890
  1054. Section 1: Combinations and Restraints of Trade
  1055. Combination, Contract, or Conspiracy
  1056. Restraints of Trade
  1057. Rule-of-Reason Standard
  1058. Per Se Standard
  1059. Horizontal Restraints
  1060. Horizontal Price-Fixing
  1061. Critical Thinking About The Law
  1062. Horizontal Division of Markets
  1063. Horizontal Boycotts
  1064. Vertical Restraints
  1065. Vertical Price-Fixing (Resale Price Maintenance)
  1066. Vertical Territorial and Customer Restraints
  1067. Critical Thinking About The Law
  1068. Tying Arrangements
  1069. Exclusive-Dealing Contracts
  1070. Section 2: Monopolies
  1071. Monopolization
  1072. Relevant Product and Geographic Markets
  1073. Overwhelming Power in the Market
  1074. Intent to Monopolize
  1075. Attempt to Monopolize
  1076. The Clayton Act of 1914
  1077. Section 2: Price Discrimination
  1078. The Meeting-the-Competition Defense
  1079. Section 3: Tying Arrangements and Exclusive-Dealing Contracts
  1080. Section 7: Mergers and Acquisitions
  1081. Reasons for the Increase in Mergers
  1082. Criteria for Determining the Legality of Mergers under Section 7
  1083. Relevant Product and Geographic Markets
  1084. Probable Impact on Competition
  1085. Types of Mergers
  1086. Horizontal Mergers
  1087. Vertical Mergers
  1088. Conglomerate Mergers
  1089. Defenses to Section 7 Complaints
  1090. Enforcement
  1091. Premerger Notification
  1092. Remedies
  1093. Section 8: Interlocking Directorates
  1094. Other Antitrust Statutes
  1095. Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914
  1096. Critical Thinking About The Law
  1097. Bank Merger Act
  1098. Global Dimensions of Antitrust Statutes
  1099. Transnational Reach of U.S. Antitrust Legislation
  1100. Global Dimensions of U.S. Antitrust Laws
  1101. Enforcement
  1102. Summary
  1103. Review Questions
  1104. Review Problems
  1105. Case Problems
  1106. Thinking Critically about Relevant Legal Issues
  1107. Assignment On The Internet
  1108. On The Internet
  1109. For Future Reading
  1110. Chapter Twenty Five Laws of Debtor–Creditor Relations and Consumer Protection
  1111. Debtor–Creditor Relations
  1112. Critical Thinking About The Law
  1113. Rights of and Remedies For Creditors
  1114. Liens
  1115. Mortgage Foreclosure
  1116. Suretyship and Guaranty Contracts
  1117. Rights and Remedies For Debtors
  1118. Exemptions to Attachments.
  1119. The Federal Bankruptcy Code and the Incorpo­ration of the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005
  1120. History and Background
  1121. Provisions
  1122. Bankruptcy Management and Proceedings
  1123. Courts
  1124. Bankruptcy Petition
  1125. Bankruptcy Schedules
  1126. Creditors’ Meeting
  1127. Bankruptcy Trustee
  1128. Automatic Stay
  1129. Discharge
  1130. Bankruptcy Estate
  1131. Estate Exemptions
  1132. State Exemption
  1133. Fraudulent Transfers
  1134. Chapter 7
  1135. Discharge of Debts
  1136. Acts Barring Discharge
  1137. Critical Thinking About The Law
  1138. Statutory Distribution of Property
  1139. Chapter 13
  1140. Chapter 11
  1141. Individuals Filing under Chapter 11 Reorganization
  1142. Small Business Bankruptcy
  1143. Chapter 12
  1144. Chapter 12 Discharge
  1145. The New Bankruptcy Law—2011
  1146. The Evolution of Consumer Law
  1147. Economics
  1148. Federal Regulation of Business Trade Practices and Consumer–Business Relationships
  1149. The Federal Trade Commission: Functions, Structure, and Enforcement Powers
  1150. Functions
  1151. Structure and Enforcement Powers
  1152. Deceptive and Unfair Advertising
  1153. Deceptive Advertising
  1154. Critical Thinking About The Law
  1155. Unfair Advertising
  1156. Private-Party Suits and Deceptive Advertising
  1157. The FTC and Deceptive Labeling and Packaging
  1158. Consumer Legislation
  1159. Franchising Relationships
  1160. Consumer Warranties
  1161. Full or Limited Warranties
  1162. Remedies
  1163. Telemarketing Legislation
  1164. Federal Laws Regulating Consumer Credit and Business Debt-Collection Practices
  1165. Truth-in-Lending Act
  1166. Goals
  1167. Scope
  1168. Provisions
  1169. General Disclosure
  1170. Finance Charges
  1171. Annual Percentage Rate
  1172. Right to Cancel
  1173. Open- and Closed-End Credit Transactions
  1174. Credit Advertising
  1175. Remedies
  1176. Credit Card Accountability, Responsibility and Disclosure Act of 2009
  1177. Rates
  1178. Fees
  1179. Disclosure and Notice
  1180. Billing Practices
  1181. The Electronic Fund Transfer Act12
  1182. Goals
  1183. Provisions
  1184. Remedies
  1185. A Plastic Society
  1186. The Fair Credit Reporting Act14
  1187. Goals
  1188. Provisions
  1189. Critical Thinking About The Law
  1190. Remedies
  1191. Identity Theft and Credit Ratings
  1192. Equal Credit Opportunity Act16
  1193. Goals
  1194. Provisions
  1195. Remedies
  1196. The Fair Credit Billing Act17
  1197. Goals
  1198. Provisions
  1199. Remedies
  1200. The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act18
  1201. Goals
  1202. Provisions
  1203. Remedies
  1204. Dodd-Frank Act and Consumer Protection
  1205. Credit and Debit Cards
  1206. Consumer Loans
  1207. Credit Scores
  1208. Residential Mortgages
  1209. State Consumer Legislation
  1210. Uniform Consumer Credit Code
  1211. Unfair and Deceptive Practices Statutes
  1212. Arbitration of Disputes
  1213. Global Dimensions of Consumer Protection Laws
  1214. Summary
  1215. Review Questions
  1216. Review Problems
  1217. Case Problems
  1218. Thinking Critically about Relevant Legal Issues
  1219. Assignment On The Internet
  1220. On The Internet
  1221. For Future Reading
  1222. Appendix A The Constitution of the United States
  1223. Preamble

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