Name: Test Bank for Visual Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology: Martini
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Product Details:

ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0321780779
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0321780775
Author: Frederic Martini (Author), William Ober (Author), Edwin Bartholomew (Author), Judi Nath (Author)

Visual Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology combines a visual approach with a modular organization to deliver an easy-to-use and time-efficient book that uniquely meets the needs of today’s students―without sacrificing the coverage of A&P topics required for careers in nursing and other allied health professions. This book is geared toward students enrolled in a one–semester A&P course.

Table of Content:

1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
SECTION 1 A&P in Perspective
1.1 Anatomy is the study of form; physiology is the study of function
1.2 Form and function are interrelated
1.3 The human body has multiple interdependent levels of organization
1.4 Organs and organ systems perform vital functions
Section 1 Review
SECTION 2 Homeostasis
1.5 Negative feedback provides stability, whereas positive feedback accelerates a process to complet
Section 2 Review
SECTION 3 Anatomical Terms
1.6 Superficial anatomy and regional anatomy indicate locations on or in the body
1.7 Directional and sectional terms describe specific points of reference
1.8 Body cavities protect internal organs and allow them to change shape
Section 3 Review
Chapter 1 Review
Visual Outline with Key Terms
Career Paths: Diagnostic Medical Sonographer
Chapter 1 Review Questions
2 Chemical Level of Organization
SECTION 1 Atoms and Molecules
2.1 Typical atoms contain protons, neutrons, and electrons
2.2 Electrons occupy various energy levels
2.3 The most common chemical bonds are ionic bonds and covalent bonds
Section 1 Review
SECTION 2 Chemical Reactions
2.4 Chemical notation describes chemical reactions that may be helped by enzymes
2.5 There are three basic types of chemical reactions
Section 2 Review
SECTION 3 The Importance of Water in the Body
2.6 Physiological systems depend on water
2.7 Regulation of body fluid pH is vital for homeostasis
Section 3 Review
SECTION 4 Metabolites and Nutrients
2.8 Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in a 1:2:1 ratio
2.9 Lipids often contain a carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of 1:2
2.10 Steroids, phospholipids, and glycolipids have diverse functions
2.11 Proteins are formed from amino acids
2.12 Enzymes are proteins with important regulatory functions
2.13 High-energy compounds may store and transfer a portion of energy released during enzymatic reac
2.14 DNA and RNA are nucleic acids
Section 4 Review
Chapter 2 Review
Visual Outline with Key Terms
Career Paths: Pharmacy Technician
Chapter 2 Review Questions
3 Cells and Tissues
SECTION 1 An Introduction to Cells
3.1 Cells are the smallest living units of life
3.2 The plasma membrane isolates the cell from its environment and performs various functions; the c
3.3 Protein synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum and at free ribosomes depends primarily on the en
3.4 The Golgi apparatus is a packaging center
3.5 The nucleus contains DNA, RNA, organizing proteins, and enzymes
3.6 Protein synthesis involves DNA, enzymes, and three types of RNA
3.7 Each cell has a life cycle that typically involves periods of growth and cell division
3.8 Mitosis distributes chromosomes before cytokinesis separates the daughter cells
3.9 CLINICAL MODULE: Tumors and cancer are characterized by abnormal cell growth and division
Section 1 Review
SECTION 2 How Substances Enter and Leave the Cell
3.10 Diffusion is movement driven by concentration differences
3.11 Passive and active processes move materials in and out of cells
Section 2 Review
SECTION 3 Tissues
3.12 Tissues are specialized groups of cells and cell products
3.13 Epithelial tissue covers surfaces, lines structures, and forms secretory glands
3.14 Epithelial cells are extensively interconnected, both structurally and functionally
3.15 The cells in a squamous epithelium are flattened and irregular in shape
3.16 Cuboidal and transitional epithelia are found along several passageways and chambers connected
3.17 Columnar epithelia typically perform absorption or provide protection from chemical or environm
3.18 Glandular epithelia are specialized for secretion
3.19 Loose connective tissues provide padding and support, whereas dense connective tissues provide
3.20 Membranes are physical barriers
3.21 Cartilage provides a flexible supporting framework
3.22 Bone provides a strong framework for the body
3.23 Muscle tissue is specialized for contraction; neural tissue is specialized for communication
3.24 CLINICAL MODULE: The response to tissue injury involves inflammation and regeneration
Section 3 Review
Chapter 3 Review
Visual Outline with Key Terms
Career Paths: Clinical Laboratory Scientist
Chapter 3 Review Questions
4 The Integumentary System
SECTION 1 Functional Anatomy of the Skin
4.1 The epidermis is composed of layers with various functions
4.2 Factors influencing skin color include epidermal pigmentation and dermal circulation
4.3 The dermis supports the epidermis, and the hypodermis connects the dermis to the rest of the bod
4.4 The integument has endocrine functions that require ultraviolet radiation
Section 1 Review
SECTION 2 Accessory Organs of the Skin
4.5 Hair is composed of dead, keratinized cells produced in a specialized hair follicle
4.6 Sebaceous glands and sweat glands are exocrine glands found in the skin
4.7 Nails are thick sheets of keratinized epidermal cells that protect the tips of fingers and toes
4.8 CLINICAL MODULE: Age-related changes alter the integument
4.9 CLINICAL MODULE: The integument can often repair itself, even after extensive damage
Section 2 Review
Chapter 4 Review
Visual Outline with Key Terms
Career Paths: EMT/Paramedic
Chapter 4 Review Questions
5 The Skeletal System
SECTION 1 An Introduction to the Bones of the Skeletal System
5.1 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and have a variety of surface features
5.2 Long bones have a rich blood supply
5.3 Bone has a calcified matrix associated with osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
5.4 Compact bone consists of parallel osteons, and spongy bone consists of a network of trabeculae
5.5 The most common method of bone formation involves the replacement of cartilage with bone
5.6 CLINICAL MODULE: Abnormalities of bone growth and development produce recognizable physical sign
5.7 CLINICAL MODULE: A fracture is a crack or a break in a bone
Section 1 Review
SECTION 2 The Skeleton
5.8 Facial bones dominate the anterior skull, and cranial bones dominate the posterior surface
5.9 Surface features of the skull are functional landmarks
5.10 Additional landmarks are visible in sectional views of the skull
5.11 The associated bones of the skull perform specialized functions
5.12 Fontanelles permit cranial growth in infants and small children
5.13 The vertebral column has four spinal curves, and vertebrae have both anatomical similarities an
5.14 There are 7 cervical vertebrae and 12 thoracic vertebrae
5.15 There are five lumbar vertebrae, and the sacrum and coccyx consist of fused vertebrae
5.16 The thoracic cage protects organs in the chest and provides sites for muscle attachment
5.17 CLINICAL MODULE: Abnormalities in the axial skeleton directly affect posture and balance
5.18 The pectoral girdles—the clavicles and scapulae—connect the upper limbs to the axial skelet
5.19 The humerus of the arm articulates with the radius and ulna of the forearm
5.20 The wrist is composed of carpal bones, and the hand consists of metacarpal bones and phalanges
5.21 The hip bone forms by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
5.22 The pelvis consists of the two hip bones plus the sacrum and the coccyx
5.23 The femur articulates with the patella and tibia
5.24 The ankle and foot contain tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, and phalanges
Section 2 Review
SECTION 3 Joint Structure and Movement
5.25 Synovial joints (diarthroses) are freely movable and contain synovial fluid
5.26 Anatomical organization determines the functional properties of synovial joints
5.27 CLINICAL MODULE: Adjacent vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs that are compressed b
5.28 CLINICAL MODULE: Arthritis can disrupt normal joint structure and function
Section 3 Review
Chapter 5 Review
Visual Outline with Key Terms
Career Paths: Physical Therapist
Chapter 5 Review Questions
6 The Muscular System
SECTION 1 Functional Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
6.1 A skeletal muscle contains skeletal muscle tissue, connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerves
6.2 Skeletal muscle fibers have contractile myofibrils containing hundreds to thousands of sarcomere
6.3 A skeletal muscle fiber contracts when stimulated by a motor neuron
6.4 The sliding filament theory explains the physical changes that occur during a contraction
6.5 A muscle fiber contraction uses ATP in a cycle that repeats for the duration of the contraction
Section 1 Review
SECTION 2 Functional Properties of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
6.6 Tension production rises to maximum levels as the rate of muscle stimulation increases
6.7 A skeletal muscle controls muscle tension by the number of motor units stimulated
6.8 Muscle contractions may be isotonic or isometric
6.9 Muscle contraction requires a large amount of ATP that may be produced aerobically or anaerobica
6.10 CLINICAL MODULE: Many factors can result in muscle hypertrophy, atrophy, or paralysis
Section 2 Review
SECTION 3 Functional Organization of the Muscular System
6.11 The names of muscles provide clues to their appearance and/or function
6.12 Broad descriptive terms are used to describe movements with reference to the anatomical positio
6.13 Terms of more limited application describe rotational movements and special movements
6.14 Skeletal muscles are grouped in the axial division or appendicular division based on origins an
6.15 The muscles of the head and neck are important in eating and useful for communication
6.16 The muscles of the vertebral column support and align the axial skeleton
6.17 The oblique and rectus muscles form the muscular walls of the trunk
6.18 Large axial and appendicular muscles originate on the trunk
6.19 Proximal limb muscles are larger, stronger, fewer, and less precise in their actions than dista
6.20 The muscles that move the leg originate on the pelvis and femur
6.21 The primary muscles that move the foot and toes originate on the tibia and fibula
Section 3 Review
Chapter 6 Review
Visual Outline with Key Terms
Career Paths: Personal Trainer
Chapter 6 Review Questions
7 The Central Nervous System
SECTION 1 Neurons and Neuroglia
7.1 Neurons are nerve cells specialized for intercellular communication
7.2 Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia are neuroglia of the CNS
7.3 Schwann cells and satellite cells protect the axons and cell bodies of sensory and motor neurons
7.4 All communication and processing in the nervous system depends on changes in the membrane potent
7.5 An action potential can affect other portions of the membrane through continuous or saltatory pr
7.6 At a synapse, information travels from presynaptic cell to postsynaptic cell
Section 1 Review
SECTION 2 The Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System
7.7 Each region of the brain has distinct structural and functional characteristics
7.8 The cranial meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid protect and support the brain
7.9 Superficial landmarks can be used to divide the surface of the cerebral cortex into lobes
7.10 The lobes of the cerebral cortex contain regions with specific functions
7.11 The diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum contain relay stations that process information ou
7.12 The reticular activating system of the midbrain is responsible for maintaining consciousness
7.13 CLINICAL MODULE: Brain activity can be monitored using external electrodes; the record is calle
7.14 The spinal cord contains gray matter and white matter
7.15 Gray matter is the region of integration, and white matter carries information
7.16 The spinal cord is surrounded by the meninges, which consist of the dura mater, arachnoid mater
Section 2 Review
Chapter 7 Review
Visual Outline with Key Terms
Career Paths: Physician Assistant
Chapter 7 Review Questions
8 The Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous Systems
SECTION 1 The Peripheral Nervous System
8.1 Spinal nerves have a consistent anatomical structure and pattern of distribution
8.2 The twelve pairs of cranial nerves are classified as sensory, special sensory, motor, or mixed n
8.3 Spinal nerves form nerve plexuses that innervate the skin and skeletal muscles
8.4 Sensory and motor pathways carry information between the PNS and processing centers in the CNS
8.5 Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli
8.6 CLINICAL MODULE: Reflexes can be used to determine the location and severity of damage to the CN
8.7 CLINICAL MODULE: Nervous system disorders may result from problems with neurons, pathways, or a
Section 1 Review
SECTION 2 The Autonomic Nervous System
8.8 The sympathetic division has chain ganglia, collateral ganglia, and the adrenal medullae, wherea
8.9 The two ANS divisions innervate many of the same structures, but the innervation patterns are di
8.10 The functional differences between the two ANS divisions reflect their divergent anatomical and
Section 2 Review
Chapter 8 Review
Visual Outline with Key Terms
Career Paths: Occupational Therapist
Chapter 8 Review Questions
9 The Senses
SECTION 1 The General Senses
9.1 General sensory receptors in the skin vary widely in form and function
9.2 Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors start important autonomic reflexes involving visceral sensory p
Section 1 Review
SECTION 2 The Special Senses
9.3 Olfaction involves specialized chemoreceptive neurons whereas taste receptors are specialized ep
9.4 The ear is divided into the external ear, the middle ear, and the internal ear
9.5 The bony labyrinth protects the membranous labyrinth
9.6 Hair cells in the semicircular ducts respond to rotation, while those in the utricle and saccule
9.7 The cochlear duct contains the hair cells of the spiral organ
9.8 The sensations of pitch and volume depend on movements of the basilar membrane
9.9 The accessory structures of the eye provide protection while allowing light to reach the interio
9.10 The eye has a layered wall; it is hollow, with fluid-filled anterior and posterior cavities
9.11 The eye is highly organized and has a consistent visual axis that directs light to the fovea of
9.12 Focusing produces a sharply defined image at the retina
9.13 The neural tissue of the retina contains multiple layers of specialized photoreceptors, neurons
9.14 Photoreception, which occurs in the outer segment of rods and cones, involves the activation of
9.15 The visual pathways distribute visual information from each eye to both cerebral hemispheres
9.16 CLINICAL MODULE: Accommodation problems result from abnormalities in the cornea or lens, or in
9.17 CLINICAL MODULE: Aging is associated with many disorders of the special senses; trauma, infecti
Section 2 Review
Chapter 9 Review
Visual Outline with Key Terms
Career Paths: Massage Therapist
Chapter 9 Review Questions
10 The Endocrine System
SECTION 1 Hormones and Intercellular Communication
10.1 Hormones may be amino acid derivatives, peptides, or lipid derivatives
10.2 There are two major mechanisms by which hormones act on target cells
10.3 The hypothalamus exerts direct or indirect control over the activities of many different endocr
Section 1 Review
SECTION 2 Endocrine Organs
10.4 The pituitary gland acts as a master gland
10.5 Thyroid gland hormones regulate metabolism or calcium ion levels
10.6 Parathyroid hormone, produced by the parathyroid glands, is the primary regulator of calcium io
10.7 The adrenal glands produce hormones involved in metabolic regulation
10.8 The pancreatic islets secrete insulin and glucagon and regulate glucose use by most cells
10.9 The pineal gland of the epithalamus secretes melatonin
10.10 CLINICAL MODULE: Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder characterized by excessively high
10.11 The stress response is a predictable response to any significant threat to homeostasis
Section 2 Review
Chapter 10 Review
Visual Outline with Key Terms
Career Paths: Sports Trainer
Chapter 10 Review Questions
11 Blood and Blood Vessels
SECTION 1 Blood
11.1 Blood is a fluid connective tissue containing plasma and formed elements
11.2 Red blood cells, the most common formed elements, contain hemoglobin
11.3 Blood type is determined by the presence or absence of specific surface antigens on RBCs
11.4 CLINICAL MODULE: Hemolytic disease of the newborn is an RBC-related disorder caused by a cross-
11.5 White blood cells defend the body against pathogens, toxins, cellular debris, and abnormal or d
11.6 Formed elements are produced by stem cells derived from hemocytoblasts
11.7 The clotting response is a complex cascade of events that reduces blood loss
11.8 CLINICAL MODULE: Blood disorders can be classified by their origins and the changes in blood ch
Section 1 Review
SECTION 2 The Functional Anatomy of Blood Vessels
11.9 Arteries and veins differ in the structure and thickness of their walls
11.10 CLINICAL MODULE: Arteriosclerosis can restrict blood flow and damage vital organs
11.11 Capillaries function as part of an interconnected network called a capillary bed
11.12 The venous system has low pressures and contains almost two-thirds of the body’s blood volume
11.13 The pulmonary circuit, which is relatively short, carries deoxygenated blood from the right ve
11.14 The systemic arterial and venous systems operate in parallel, and the major vessels often have
11.15 The branches of the aortic arch supply structures that are drained by the superior vena cava
11.16 The external carotid arteries supply the neck, lower jaw, and face, and the internal carotid a
11.17 The internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries supply the brain, which is drained by
11.18 The regions supplied by the descending aorta are drained by the superior and inferior venae ca
11.19 The viscera supplied by the celiac trunk and mesenteric arteries are drained by the tributarie
11.20 The pelvis and lower limb are supplied by branches of the common iliac arteries and drained by
Section 2 Review
Chapter 11 Review
Visual Outline with Key Terms
Career Paths: Phlebotomist
Chapter 11 Review Questions
12 The Heart and Cardiovascular Function
SECTION 1 The Structure of the Heart
12.1 The wall of the heart contains concentric layers of cardiac muscle tissue
12.2 The heart is suspended within the pericardial cavity; the boundaries of the internal chambers a
12.3 The heart has an extensive blood supply
12.4 Internal valves control the direction of blood flow between the heart chambers
12.5 CLINICAL MODULE: Damage to the myocardium or heart valves may compromise heart function
Section 1 Review
SECTION 2 The Cardiac Cycle
12.6 The cardiac cycle, which creates pressure gradients that maintain blood flow, is coordinated by
12.7 The ANS innervates the heart, and an ECG can display heart activity
12.8 Adjustments in heart rate and stroke volume regulate cardiac output
Section 2 Review
SECTION 3 The Coordination of Cardiac Output and Peripheral Blood Flow
12.9 Arterial pressure and peripheral resistance determine blood flow and affect capillary exchange
12.10 Cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms respond to changes in blood pressure
12.11 The endocrine responses to low blood pressure and low blood volume are very different from tho
12.12 The cardiovascular centers make extensive adjustments to cardiac output and blood distribution
12.13 CLINICAL MODULE: An ECG can reveal cardiac arrhythmias
Section 3 Review
Chapter 12 Review
Visual Outline with Key Terms
Career Paths: Radiologic Technologist
Chapter 12 Review Questions
13 The Lymphatic System and Immunity
SECTION 1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic System
13.1 Interstitial fluid flows into lymphatic capillaries to become lymph within lymphatic vessels
13.2 Small lymphatic vessels merge to form lymphatic ducts that empty lymph into subclavian veins
13.3 Lymphocytes are responsible for the immune functions of the lymphatic system
13.4 Lymphocytes within lymphoid tissues and lymphoid organs protect the body from pathogens and tox
Section 1 Review
SECTION 2 Nonspecific Immunity
13.5 Physical barriers and phagocytes play a role in nonspecific defenses
13.6 Inflammation is a localized tissue response to injury; fever is a generalized response to tissu
Section 2 Review
SECTION 3 specific Immunity
13.7 Specific defenses are triggered by exposure to antigenic fragments
13.8 Antibodies are small soluble proteins that bind to specific antigens; they may inactivate the a
13.9 Antibodies use many different mechanisms to destroy target antigens
13.10 CLINICAL MODULE: Antibody responses can cause allergies and anaphylaxis
13.11 CLINICAL MODULE: Immune disorders involving both overactivity and underactivity can be harmful
Section 3 Review
Chapter 13 Review
Visual Outline with Key Terms
Career Paths: Burn Nurse Specialist
Chapter 13 Review Questions
14 The Respiratory System
SECTION 1 Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
14.1 The respiratory mucosa cleans, warms, and moistens inhaled air
14.2 The trachea and primary bronchi carry air to and from the lungs
14.3 Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli
Section 1 Review
SECTION 2 Respiratory Physiology
14.4 Pressure changes within the pleural cavities drive pulmonary ventilation
14.5 Respiratory muscles adjust the tidal volume to meet respiratory demands
14.6 Gas Diffusion depends on the relative concentrations and solubilities of gases
14.7 Respiratory control involves interacting centers in the brain stem
14.8 CLINICAL MODULE: Respiratory disorders and aging both reduce lung function; smoking makes matte
Section 2 Review
Chapter 14 Review
Visual Outline with Key Terms
Career Paths: Respiratory Therapist
Chapter 14 Review Questions
15 The Digestive System
SECTION 1 General Organization of the Digestive System
15.1 The digestive tract is a muscular tube lined by a mucous membrane
15.2 Smooth muscle contractions mix and propel materials through the digestive tract
Section 1 Review
SECTION 2 The Digestive Tract
15.3 The oral cavity contains the tongue, salivary glands, and teeth, and receives saliva from the s
15.4 Teeth in different regions of the jaws vary in size, shape, and function
15.5 The muscular walls of the pharynx and esophagus play a key role in swallowing
15.6 The stomach is a muscular, expandable, J-shaped organ with three layers in its muscularis exter
15.7 The stomach breaks down the organic nutrients in food
15.8 The intestinal tract is specialized for absorbing nutrients
15.9 The small intestine is divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
15.10 Five hormones are involved in regulating digestive activities
15.11 The large intestine stores and concentrates fecal material
15.12 Neural reflexes and hormones work together to control digestive activities
Section 2 Review
SECTION 3 Accessory Digestive Organs
15.13 Secretions from three pairs of salivary glands produce saliva
15.14 The liver, the largest visceral organ, is divided into left, right, caudate, and quadrate lobe
15.15 The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile, and the pancreas has vital endocrine and exocrin
15.16 CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the digestive system are diverse and relatively common
Section 3 Review
Chapter 15 Review
Visual Outline with Key Terms
Career Paths: Dental Hygienist
Chapter 15 Review Questions
16 Metabolism and Energetics
SECTION 1 An Introduction to Cellular Metabolism
16.1 Cells obtain most of their ATP from the electron transport system, which is linked to the citri
16.2 Cells can break down any available substrate from the nutrient pool to obtain the energy they n
Section 1 Review
SECTION 2 The Digestion and Metabolism of Nutrients
16.3 Carbohydrates are usually the preferred substrates for catabolism and ATP production under rest
16.4 Lipids reach the bloodstream in chylomicrons; the cholesterol is then extracted and released as
16.5 An amino acid not needed for protein synthesis may be broken down or converted to a different a
16.6 Vitamins and minerals are essential to the function of many metabolic pathways
16.7 Proper nutrition depends on eating a balanced diet
16.8 The control of appetite is complex and involves both short-term and long-term mechanisms
16.9 CLINICAL MODULE: Metabolic disorders may result from inadequate nutrition, biochemical problems
Section 2 Review
SECTION 3 Metabolism and Energy Use
16.10 The body uses energy continuously, and to maintain a constant body temperature, heat gain and
16.11 Thermoregulatory centers in the hypothalamus adjust heat loss and heat gain
Section 3 Review
Chapter 16 Review
Visual Outline with Key Terms
Career Paths: Registered Dietitian
Chapter 16 Review Questions
17 The Urinary System and Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
SECTION 1 Anatomy of the Urinary System
17.1 The kidneys are paired retroperitoneal organs
17.2 A nephron can be divided into regions; each region has specific functions
17.3 The kidneys are highly vascular, and the circulation patterns are complex
Section 1 Review
SECTION 2 Overview of Renal Physiology
17.4 Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion occur in specific regions of the nephron and collecting
17.5 Urine volume and concentration are hormonally regulated
17.6 Renal function is an integrative process
17.7 CLINICAL MODULE: Renal failure is a life-threatening condition
Section 2 Review
SECTION 3 Urine Storage and Elimination
17.8 The ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra are specialized for conducting urine
17.9 CLINICAL MODULE: Physical exams and laboratory tests can often detect urinary disorders
Section 3 Review
SECTION 4 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
17.10 Fluid and mineral balance exists when gains equal losses
17.11 Water balance depends on sodium balance, and the two are regulated simultaneously
Section 4 Review
SECTION 5 Acid-Base Balance
17.12 Buffer systems oppose potentially dangerous disturbances in acid-base balance
17.13 Buffer systems can delay but not prevent pH shifts in the ICF and ECF
17.14 Homeostatic responses to acidosis and alkalosis involve respiratory and renal mechanisms as we
Section 5 Review
Chapter 17 Review
Visual Outline with Key Terms
Career Paths: Nurse Practitioner
Chapter 17 Review Questions
18 The Reproductive System
SECTION 1 The Male Reproductive System
18.1 The coiled seminiferous tubules of the testes are connected to the male reproductive tract
18.2 Hormones play a key role in establishing and maintaining male sexual function
18.3 The male reproductive tract receives secretions from the seminal, prostate, and bulbo-urethral
18.4 The penis conducts semen and urine out of the body
18.5 CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the prostate gland and testes are relatively common
Section 1 Review
SECTION 2 The Female Reproductive System
18.6 The ovaries and the female reproductive tract are in close proximity but are not directly conne
18.7 Meiosis I in the ovaries produces a single haploid secondary oocyte that completes meiosis II o
18.8 The uterine tubes are connected to the uterus, a hollow organ with thick muscular walls
18.9 The entrance to the vagina is enclosed by external genitalia
18.10 The mammary glands nourish the infant after delivery
18.11 The ovarian and uterine cycles are regulated by hormones of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland,
18.12 CLINICAL MODULE: Female reproductive system disorders are relatively common and often deadly
18.13 CLINICAL MODULE: Birth control strategies vary in effectiveness and in the nature of associate
Section 2 Review
Chapter 18 Review
Visual Outline with Key Terms
Career Paths: Health Educator
Chapter 18 Review Questions
19 Development and Inheritance
SECTION 1 An Overview of Development
19.1 Cleavage continues until the blastocyst implants in the uterine wall
19.2 Gastrulation produces three germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
19.3 The extra-embryonic membranes form the placenta that supports fetal growth and development
19.4 The placenta performs many vital functions for the duration of prenatal development
19.5 Organ systems are formed in the first trimester and become functional in the second and third t
19.6 Pregnancy places anatomical and physiological stresses on maternal systems
19.7 Multiple factors initiate and accelerate the process of labor
19.8 After delivery, development initially requires nourishment by maternal systems
19.9 At puberty, male and female sex hormones have differential effects on most body systems
Section 1 Review
SECTION 2 Genetics and Inheritance
19.10 Genes and chromosomes determine patterns of inheritance
19.11 CLINICAL MODULE: Thousands of clinical disorders have been linked to abnormal chromosomes and/
Section 2 Review
Chapter 19 Review
Visual Outline with Key Terms
Career Paths: Pediatric Nurse
Chapter 19 Review Questions
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